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Psyc 1215 > Ch13 > Flashcards

Ch13 Flashcards

1
Q

Attitude

A

Feelings,
Influenced by our beliefs,
That predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events

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2
Q

Foot in door phenomenon

A

The tendency for people who have first agreed to small request to comply later with a larger request

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3
Q

Role

A

A set of expectations about a social position,
Defining how those in the position ought to behave

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4
Q

Central route persuasion

A

Occurs when interested people’s thinking is influenced by considering evidence and arguments

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5
Q

Peripheral route persuasion

A

Occurs when people influenced by incidental cues,
such as speakers attractiveness

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6
Q

What are some evidence-based ways to effectively persuade others?

A

Avoid yelling, humiliating or boring your audience.
Instead identify shared values, appeal to others admirable motives, make your messages vivid and repeat it, and get your audience to actively engage with your message.

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7
Q

What do social psychologists study?

A

Use scientific methods to study how people think about, influence, and relate to one another. Social influences that explain why the same person will act differently in different situations.

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8
Q

How do we tend to explain others behaviors and our own?

A

Western culture will commit the fundamental attribution error by understanding the influence of the situation and overestimating the effect of stable, enduring traits.
Explaining our own behavior, we more readily attribute it to the influence of the situation.

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9
Q

How do attitudes and actions interact?

A

They influence each other
When other influences are minimal, attributes that are stable, specific, and easily recalled can affect our actions.
Actions can modify attitudes, as in the foot-in-the-door phenomenon and role playing.
When they don’t fit, cognitive dissonance theory suggests that we will reduce tension by changing our attitudes to match our actions.

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10
Q

How do peripheral route persuasion and central route persuasion differ?

A

Peripheral route persuasion uses attention-getting cues to trigger fast but relatively thoughtless judgments.
Central route persuasion offers evidence and arguments to trigger thoughtful responses.

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11
Q

How can we share our views more effectively?

A

Avoid yelling at, humiliating, or boring them with complicated or forgettable information.
Instead identify shared goals and relate your aim to their motives.
Also make your message vivid , to repeat it, and to engage others on restating it.

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12
Q

Cognitive dissonance theory

A

We act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent.
Ex. When we become aware that our attitudes and our actions clash, we reduce the resting dissonance by changing our attitudes

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13
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

The tendency , when analyzing others behaviour, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

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14
Q

Attribution theory

A

The theory that we explain someone’s behaviour by crediting either the situation or their persons disposition

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15
Q

Social psychologist

A

The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

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16
Q

Norms

A

Understood rules die accepted and expected behavior
Norms prescribe ‘proper’ behavior

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17
Q

Conformity

A

Adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

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18
Q

Normative social influence

A

Influence resulting from a persons desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

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19
Q

Informational social influence

A

Influence resulting from a persons willingness to accept others opinion about reality

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20
Q

Collectivism

A

Emphasizes high group standard values

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21
Q

Individualism

A

Emphasizes high independent self value

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22
Q

Social control

A

The power or the situation

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23
Q

Personal control

A

The power of the individual

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24
Q

Minority influence

A

The power of one or two individuals to sway majorities

25
Q

Social facilitation

A

In the presence of others, improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks, and worsened performance on difficult tasks

26
Q

Social loafing

A

The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts towards attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.

27
Q

deindividuation

A

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.

28
Q

group polarization

A

the enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group

29
Q

groupthink

A

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.

30
Q

prejudice

A

an unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members.
Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action.

31
Q

stereotypes

A

a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people.

32
Q

discriminate in classical conditioning

A

the learned ability to distinguish btwn a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

33
Q

discriminate in social psychology

A

injustifiable negative behaviour toward a group or its members

34
Q

just-world phenomenon

A

the tendency for people to believe that the world is just and people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

35
Q

ingroup

A

“us” - people with whom we share a common identity

36
Q

outgroup

A

“them” - those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup

37
Q

ingroup bias

A

the tendency to favour our own group

38
Q

scapegoat theory

A

the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

39
Q

other-race effort

A

the tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races.
Also called the ‘cross-race effort’ and the ‘own-race’ bias

40
Q

aggression

A

any physical or verbal behaviour intended to harm someone physically or emotionally

41
Q

frustration-aggression principle

A

the principle that frustration
- the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal
- creates anger, which can generate aggression

42
Q

social-scripts

A

a culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situation

43
Q

mere exposure effect

A

the tendency for repeated exposure to novel stimuli to increase our liking of them

44
Q

passionate love

A

an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a romantic relationship

45
Q

companionate love

A

the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

46
Q

equity

A

a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it

47
Q

self-disclosure

A

the act of revealing intimate aspects of ourselves to others

48
Q

altruism

A

unselfish regard for the welfare of others

49
Q

bystander effect

A

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if others bystanders are present

50
Q

social exchange theory

A

the theory that our social behaviour is an exchange process,
the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs

51
Q

reciprocity norm

A

an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

52
Q

social-responsibility norm

A

an expectation that people will help those needing their help

53
Q

conflict

A

a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas

54
Q

social traps

A

a situation in which the conflicting parties,
by each pursuing their self-interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behaviour

55
Q

mirror-image perception

A

mutual views often held by conflicting parties,
as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive

56
Q

self-fulfilling prophecies

A

a belief that leads to its own fulfillment

57
Q

superordinate goals

A

shared goals that overrides differences among people and required their cooperation

58
Q

what does GRIT stand for and what is it?

A

Graduated
Reciprocated
Initiatives in
Tension-Reduction

Psyc 1215 (4 decks)

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