Ch11 Flashcards
motivations
a need or desire that energizes and directs behaviour
what are the 4 perspectives to understand behaviour?
instinct theory
drive-reduction theory
arousal theory
abraham maslow’s heirarchy of needs
instinct
a complex behaviour that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unrelated
physiological needs
a basic bodily requirement
drive-reduction theory
the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
homeostasis
a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; regulation of any aspect of body chemistry
incentives
a positive or negative environment stimulus that motivates behaviour
Yerkes-Dodson law
the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases
hierarchy of needs
Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before people can fulfill their higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs
glucose
-the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues
- when its level is low, we feel hunger
basal metabolic rate
the body’s resting rate of energy output
obesity
- defined as a body mass index (BMI) measurement of 30 or more
- calculated from our weight-to-height ratio.
asexual
having no sexual attraction towards others
testosterone
- most important male sex hormone
- males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the males sex organs during the fetal period and
- development of the male sex characteristics during puberty
estrogen
- sex hormone (estradiol)
- contributes to female sex characteristics and are secreted in greater amounts by females than by males
sexual response cycle
the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution
refractory period
in human sexuality - a resting period that occurs after orgasm, during which a person cannot achieve another orgasm
sexual dysfunctions
a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning at any point in the sexual response cycle
erectile disorder
inability to develop or maintain an erection due to insufficient blood flow to the penis
female orgasmic disorder
distress due to infrequently or never experiencing orgasm
paraphilias
sexual arousal from fantasies, behaviours, or urges involving nonhuman objects, the suffering of self or others, and/or nonconsenting persons
AIDS
- a life-threatening conditions caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
- a sexually transmitted infection
- AIDS depletes the immune system, leaving the person vulnerable to infections
sexual orientation
the direction of our sexual attractions, as reflected in our longings and fantasies
affiliation need
the need to build and maintain relationships and to feel part of a group
self-determination theory
the theory that we feel motivated to satisfy our needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness
ostracism
deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups
narcissism
excessive self-love and self-absoprtion
achievement motivation
a desire for significant accomplishment, for mastery of skills or ideas, for control, and for attaining a high standard
intrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behaviour effectively for its own sake
extrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behaviour to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment
