Ch11

Question 1

motivations

Answer 1

a need or desire that energizes and directs behaviour

Question 2

what are the 4 perspectives to understand behaviour?

Answer 2

instinct theory
drive-reduction theory
arousal theory
abraham maslow’s heirarchy of needs

Question 3

instinct

Answer 3

a complex behaviour that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unrelated

Question 4

physiological needs

Answer 4

a basic bodily requirement

Question 5

drive-reduction theory

Answer 5

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

Question 6

homeostasis

Answer 6

a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; regulation of any aspect of body chemistry

Question 7

incentives

Answer 7

a positive or negative environment stimulus that motivates behaviour

Question 8

Yerkes-Dodson law

Answer 8

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

Question 9

hierarchy of needs

Answer 9

Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before people can fulfill their higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs

Question 10

glucose

Answer 10

-the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues
- when its level is low, we feel hunger

Question 11

basal metabolic rate

Answer 11

the body’s resting rate of energy output

Question 12

obesity

Answer 12

• defined as a body mass index (BMI) measurement of 30 or more
• calculated from our weight-to-height ratio.

Question 13

asexual

Answer 13

having no sexual attraction towards others

Question 14

testosterone

Answer 14

• most important male sex hormone
• males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the males sex organs during the fetal period and
• development of the male sex characteristics during puberty

Question 15

estrogen

Answer 15

• sex hormone (estradiol)
• contributes to female sex characteristics and are secreted in greater amounts by females than by males

Question 16

sexual response cycle

Answer 16

the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

Question 17

refractory period

Answer 17

in human sexuality - a resting period that occurs after orgasm, during which a person cannot achieve another orgasm

Question 18

sexual dysfunctions

Answer 18

a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning at any point in the sexual response cycle

Question 19

erectile disorder

Answer 19

inability to develop or maintain an erection due to insufficient blood flow to the penis

Question 20

female orgasmic disorder

Answer 20

distress due to infrequently or never experiencing orgasm

Question 21

paraphilias

Answer 21

sexual arousal from fantasies, behaviours, or urges involving nonhuman objects, the suffering of self or others, and/or nonconsenting persons

Question 22

AIDS

Answer 22

• a life-threatening conditions caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
• a sexually transmitted infection
• AIDS depletes the immune system, leaving the person vulnerable to infections

Question 23

sexual orientation

Answer 23

the direction of our sexual attractions, as reflected in our longings and fantasies

Question 24

affiliation need

Answer 24

the need to build and maintain relationships and to feel part of a group

Question 25

self-determination theory

Answer 25

the theory that we feel motivated to satisfy our needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness

Question 26

ostracism

Answer 26

deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups

Question 27

narcissism

Answer 27

excessive self-love and self-absoprtion

Question 28

achievement motivation

Answer 28

a desire for significant accomplishment, for mastery of skills or ideas, for control, and for attaining a high standard

Question 29

intrinsic motivation

Answer 29

a desire to perform a behaviour effectively for its own sake

Question 30

extrinsic motivation

Answer 30

a desire to perform a behaviour to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment