CH9-11: CIGUATERA, ECOSYSTEM CHANGES, CLIMATE CHANGE

Question 1

Point where oil production is at its max (1/2 of resource is extracted) before it inevitably declines

Shows that oil reserves are finite

Discovery peaks before production peaks

Answer 1

Hubbert’s Peak Theory

Question 2

What will happen if we run out of oil?

Answer 2

can’t maintain current quality of life

rebuild cities

leave suburbs because no affordable transportation

cars and airplanes only for the elite

must find other energy source (oil is almost everything)

Question 3

What is human growth and a higher standard of living based on?

Answer 3

fast and cheap growth of oil energy

Question 4

How do we fix our damage to earth? (David Attenborough)

Answer 4

Slow human growth

Use renewable energy (sunlight)

Have a healthy ocean (restrict fishing)

Change to plant based diet

Save forests for carbon absorbers and biodiversity

Question 5

What was the stable period where humans figured out the predictable rhythm of season and created farming?

Answer 5

Holocene

Question 6

How must we rediscover to save our planet and work with nature?

Answer 6

How to be sustainable and be part of nature

Question 7

anything we can’t do forever and causes systems to collapse from exploitation

Answer 7

Unsustainable

Question 8

a type of food poisoning caused by algal toxins that have been passed up the reef food chain

Answer 8

Ciguatera

Question 9

describe how ciguatera makes it up the food chain

Answer 9

1. tiny dinoflagellate on coral, algae, and seagrass produce ciguatoxin as defense
2. reef fish feed on surfaces with these dinoflagellates
3. larger fish eat reef fish
4. humans eat large fish

Question 10

Where does ciguatera toxin accumulate in?

Answer 10

fat tissue

Question 11

buildup of a substance in a single organism over time

Answer 11

bioaccumulation

Question 12

contaminant concentration increases as it moves up the food chain (apex predators have the highest conc of toxin because of rule of squares)

Answer 12

biomagnification

Question 13

what systems do ciguatera primarily affect?

Answer 13

gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, neurological

Question 14

burning sensation with cold contact

Answer 14

cold allodynia

Question 15

How does ciguatera transfer from humans/reoccur?

Answer 15

sexual transmission

reoccur with exercise

passed through breastfeeding

Question 16

complete loss of species

Answer 16

extinction

Question 17

local extinction of a species with extant populations elsewhere

species extinct in specific location but still living in other parts of the world (ex: Guam - Koko bird, Guam Kingfisher)

Answer 17

Extirpation

Question 18

Are humans a part of the food web?

Answer 18

Maybe - we consume a lot but don’t really put our energy back into the ecosystem

Question 19

How man prehistoric mass extinctions have we experienced?

Answer 19

5 (maybe currently going through 6)

Question 20

what is the current (6th) mass extinction called?

Answer 20

Tertiary Period

Question 21

what caused the past mass extinctions?

Answer 21

natural, cataclysmic phenomena: (asteroid, volcano, ocean anoxia, glaciation)

Question 22

“human era” because of humans significant influence on nature

Answer 22

Anthropocene

Question 23

What is the Anthropocene marked by?

Answer 23

human caused extinctions
less biodiversity
spread of non native species
habitat loss and modification
alteration of natural geochemical cycles (burning fossil fuels, climate change)

Question 24

What are the major causes of extinction?

Answer 24

invasive species
habitat destruction
overharvesting
pesticides
natural disasters (natty and anthro)
climate change (natty and anthro)

Question 25

Why are island species prone to extinction?

Answer 25

restricted to local areas small populations unique habitats and niches low biotic potential easy prey

Question 26

homogenous earth, nothing distinct because introduced species can be anywhere

Answer 26

Homogenocene

Question 27

Why do species frequently become pests on islands?

Answer 27

Ecological Release Niches Available Competitively Dominant Effective Predator

Question 28

when a species is free from predators and competitors (no pop regulation so rapid pop increase and disturbs ecosystem)

Answer 28

Ecological Release

Question 29

resources are available for exploitation or not used by native species

Answer 29

Niches Available

Question 30

outcompetes native species for resources (use it more effectively or have adaptations that inhibit competitors liked diseases or more aggressive)

Answer 30

Competitively Dominant

Question 31

successfully preys on native species (unlimited food source that is unaware of their danger because they did not evolve with them there)

Answer 31

Effective Predator

Question 32

What are the 3 ways to control invasive species?

Answer 32

biological control pesticides integrated pest management

Question 33

use of natural predator or disease to control pest bad because may switch hosts and prey on native species

Answer 33

biological control

Question 34

chemicals that kill pests/decrease growth rate often over applied or misapplied plants evolve resistance = needs higher conc of toxins or more potent chems

Answer 34

pesticides

Question 35

toxic, carbon based chems that are slow to breakdown (super long half life)

Answer 35

persistent organic pollutant

Question 36

chemical or substance with the ability to damage genetic material (mutations, malignancies)

Answer 36

genotoxicity

Question 37

northeast part of tumon bay flows with red water in april because of rapid planktonic algae growth (increased nutrients flowing into bay causes phytoplankton to grow) NATURAL toxin production

Answer 37

San Vitores Blood

Question 38

mercury poisoning

Answer 38

as mad as a hatter

Question 39

uses natural predators and pest-deterrent plants to reduce pest abundance in crops mostly in agriculture systems because hard to do in wild

Answer 39

Integrated Pest Management

Question 40

protects species that are under threat of extinction

Answer 40

Endangered Species Act of 1973

Question 41

restricts trade and travel of endangered species and their byproducts

Answer 41

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)

Question 42

the area of habitat needed to sustain a stable population of a species; area occupied by endangered species this land cannot be used or touched by humans

Answer 42

critical habitat

Question 43

Why causes the flaws that make scientists think climate change isn’t real?

Answer 43

Cherry picked results Inappropriate curve fitting Insufficient model evaluation

Question 45

IPCC

Answer 45

Intergovernmental panel for climate change

Question 46

Temp tipping point?

Answer 46

1.5C

Question 47

Why 1.5C?

Answer 47

Anything over that can have more adverse impacts (sea level rise 10cm more if go past 1.5C)

Question 48

What are the big 3 problems for the environment?

Answer 48

Climate change Rising sea levels Ocean acidification

Question 49

Gases responsible for absorbing and re-radiating sun energy (trap heat) in atmosphere

Answer 49

Greenhouse gases

Question 50

If these gases increase, more heat will be trapped

Answer 50

CO2 and water vapor

Question 51

What is the most significant contributor to climate change?

Answer 51

Oceans

Question 52

Climate change was worse and more severe before, what’s different now?

Answer 52

Humans (a species) are causing it and fast