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BI-100/L > CH9-11: CIGUATERA, ECOSYSTEM CHANGES, CLIMATE CHANGE > Flashcards

CH9-11: CIGUATERA, ECOSYSTEM CHANGES, CLIMATE CHANGE Flashcards

1
Q

Point where oil production is at its max (1/2 of resource is extracted) before it inevitably declines

Shows that oil reserves are finite

Discovery peaks before production peaks

A

Hubbert’s Peak Theory

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2
Q

What will happen if we run out of oil?

A

can’t maintain current quality of life

rebuild cities

leave suburbs because no affordable transportation

cars and airplanes only for the elite

must find other energy source (oil is almost everything)

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3
Q

What is human growth and a higher standard of living based on?

A

fast and cheap growth of oil energy

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4
Q

How do we fix our damage to earth? (David Attenborough)

A

Slow human growth

Use renewable energy (sunlight)

Have a healthy ocean (restrict fishing)

Change to plant based diet

Save forests for carbon absorbers and biodiversity

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5
Q

What was the stable period where humans figured out the predictable rhythm of season and created farming?

A

Holocene

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6
Q

How must we rediscover to save our planet and work with nature?

A

How to be sustainable and be part of nature

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7
Q

anything we can’t do forever and causes systems to collapse from exploitation

A

Unsustainable

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8
Q

a type of food poisoning caused by algal toxins that have been passed up the reef food chain

A

Ciguatera

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9
Q

describe how ciguatera makes it up the food chain

A
  1. tiny dinoflagellate on coral, algae, and seagrass produce ciguatoxin as defense
  2. reef fish feed on surfaces with these dinoflagellates
  3. larger fish eat reef fish
  4. humans eat large fish
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10
Q

Where does ciguatera toxin accumulate in?

A

fat tissue

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11
Q

buildup of a substance in a single organism over time

A

bioaccumulation

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12
Q

contaminant concentration increases as it moves up the food chain (apex predators have the highest conc of toxin because of rule of squares)

A

biomagnification

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13
Q

what systems do ciguatera primarily affect?

A

gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, neurological

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14
Q

burning sensation with cold contact

A

cold allodynia

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15
Q

How does ciguatera transfer from humans/reoccur?

A

sexual transmission

reoccur with exercise

passed through breastfeeding

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16
Q

complete loss of species

A

extinction

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17
Q

local extinction of a species with extant populations elsewhere

species extinct in specific location but still living in other parts of the world (ex: Guam - Koko bird, Guam Kingfisher)

A

Extirpation

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18
Q

Are humans a part of the food web?

A

Maybe - we consume a lot but don’t really put our energy back into the ecosystem

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19
Q

How man prehistoric mass extinctions have we experienced?

A

5 (maybe currently going through 6)

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20
Q

what is the current (6th) mass extinction called?

A

Tertiary Period

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21
Q

what caused the past mass extinctions?

A

natural, cataclysmic phenomena: (asteroid, volcano, ocean anoxia, glaciation)

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22
Q

“human era” because of humans significant influence on nature

A

Anthropocene

23
Q

What is the Anthropocene marked by?

A

human caused extinctions
less biodiversity
spread of non native species
habitat loss and modification
alteration of natural geochemical cycles (burning fossil fuels, climate change)

24
Q

What are the major causes of extinction?

A

invasive species
habitat destruction
overharvesting
pesticides
natural disasters (natty and anthro)
climate change (natty and anthro)

25
Q

Why are island species prone to extinction?

A

restricted to local areas
small populations
unique habitats and niches
low biotic potential
easy prey

26
Q

homogenous earth, nothing distinct because introduced species can be anywhere

A

Homogenocene

27
Q

Why do species frequently become pests on islands?

A

Ecological Release
Niches Available
Competitively Dominant
Effective Predator

28
Q

when a species is free from predators and competitors (no pop regulation so rapid pop increase and disturbs ecosystem)

A

Ecological Release

29
Q

resources are available for exploitation or not used by native species

A

Niches Available

30
Q

outcompetes native species for resources (use it more effectively or have adaptations that inhibit competitors liked diseases or more aggressive)

A

Competitively Dominant

31
Q

successfully preys on native species (unlimited food source that is unaware of their danger because they did not evolve with them there)

A

Effective Predator

32
Q

What are the 3 ways to control invasive species?

A

biological control
pesticides
integrated pest management

33
Q

use of natural predator or disease to control pest

bad because may switch hosts and prey on native species

A

biological control

34
Q

chemicals that kill pests/decrease growth rate

often over applied or misapplied

plants evolve resistance = needs higher conc of toxins or more potent chems

A

pesticides

35
Q

toxic, carbon based chems that are slow to breakdown (super long half life)

A

persistent organic pollutant

36
Q

chemical or substance with the ability to damage genetic material (mutations, malignancies)

A

genotoxicity

37
Q

northeast part of tumon bay flows with red water in april because of rapid planktonic algae growth (increased nutrients flowing into bay causes phytoplankton to grow)

NATURAL toxin production

A

San Vitores Blood

38
Q

mercury poisoning

A

as mad as a hatter

39
Q

uses natural predators and pest-deterrent plants to reduce pest abundance in crops

mostly in agriculture systems because hard to do in wild

A

Integrated Pest Management

40
Q

protects species that are under threat of extinction

A

Endangered Species Act of 1973

41
Q

restricts trade and travel of endangered species and their byproducts

A

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)

42
Q

the area of habitat needed to sustain a stable population of a species; area occupied by endangered species

this land cannot be used or touched by humans

A

critical habitat

43
Q

Why causes the flaws that make scientists think climate change isn’t real?

A

Cherry picked results
Inappropriate curve fitting
Insufficient model evaluation

44
Q
A
45
Q

IPCC

A

Intergovernmental panel for climate change

46
Q

Temp tipping point?

A

1.5C

47
Q

Why 1.5C?

A

Anything over that can have more adverse impacts (sea level rise 10cm more if go past 1.5C)

48
Q

What are the big 3 problems for the environment?

A

Climate change
Rising sea levels
Ocean acidification

49
Q

Gases responsible for absorbing and re-radiating sun energy (trap heat) in atmosphere

A

Greenhouse gases

50
Q

If these gases increase, more heat will be trapped

A

CO2 and water vapor

51
Q

What is the most significant contributor to climate change?

A

Oceans

52
Q

Climate change was worse and more severe before, what’s different now?

A

Humans (a species) are causing it and fast

52
Q
A
53
Q
A

BI-100/L (7 decks)

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