CH4: NATURAL SELECTION Flashcards by Alexis Leon Guerrero

Differential survival due to differences in phenotype to match the changing environment.

Natural Selection

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

named group of organisms that are distinct to be assigned a specific category (branches on phylogenetic tree)

Taxon

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

study of evolutionary relation among groups of organisms (identifies common ancestors)

Phylogenetics

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

branching diagram or tree showing the inferred evolutionary relationship among various biological species

Phylogenetic Tree

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

animals that can reproduce (simple)

Species

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

members of populations that actually or potentially interbreed in nature

populations with high genetic similarity

Biological Species

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Organisms adapted to a particular set of resources

Ecological Species

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The particular set of sources that species are adapted to

Niche

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

naturally able to produce fertile offspring of both sexes

Reproductive Species

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

actually or potentially interbreeding populations

Isolation Species

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

similarity of DNA of individuals or populations

Genetic Species

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

population considered distinct for purposes of conservation

Evolutionarily Significant Unit

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Species is only applicable to what?

Sexually reproducing eukaryotes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the degree of variation of life forms within a given species, ecosystem, biome, or an entire planet

how much variation of life

Biodiversity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the number of different kinds of organisms in an ecosystem

Species Diversity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

count of species but does not account for abundance

Species Richness

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

abundance of common species

Dominance Indices

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

take in account rare species

Information Statistics

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the richness and complexity of a biological community

Ecological Diversity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

variety of different versions of the same genes within a species (ex: different races)

the total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species

Genetic Diversity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the richness and complexity of a biological community incorporating both habitat(s) and the community(s) of organisms

the variety of species and ecological processes that occur in different physical settings

Ecosystem Diversity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

unique to a particular geographic location such as a specific island, habitat type, nation, or other defined zone (evolved here)

Endemism

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

originating or naturally occurring in a particular place but not only in that location place; evolved here but in other places too (ex: Koko bird)

Indigenous

brought to a particular place by human activity

Introduced

the change in the inherited characteristics of biological populations over successive generations the process by which the biodiversity of life has arisen gene distribution changes over time

Evolution

inherited traits controlled by genes

Genotype

the observable traits that make up the structure and behavior of an organism

Phenotype

What 3 things does Variation come from?

Mutations in genetic material Sexual reproduction Migration between populations

Evolution by natural selection is based on what 3 facts?

1. More offspring are produced than can possibly survive (4/7) 2. Traits vary among individuals 3. Trait differences are heritable

True or False Natural Selection/changes in dominant species happens over populations and generations, not over one single time

True

changes in genetic sequence of genomic material (DNA, RNA) spontaneous or induced

Mutation

what causes mutation?

radiation, viruses, mutagenic chemicals, errors during meiosis

cases where growth and differentiation processes are governed by genetic mechanisms that are homologous and deeply conserved across a wide range of species growth and differentiation in genes most of us share from a common ancestor (ex: PAX6 gene)

Deep Homology

the offspring of sexual organisms contain random mixtures of their parents' chromosomes that are produced through independent assortment diverse gametes come together, making you different from your parents

Sexual Reproduction

environmental factors within minimum and maximum levels, beyond which a particular species cannot survive or is unable to reproduce determines an organism's habitat or ecological niche

Tolerance Levels

True or False Natural selection works very well when conditions are ideal

False Natural selection does NOT work very well when conditions are ideal because there are no selection pressures (everyone has food and mates to reproduce, aka variety of traits passed to new generations)

describes the success of an organism's ability to adapt and cope with difficulties experienced during their life ability to reproduce in new conditions

Fitness

shifts to a certain direction because selection pressure favors one side

Directional Selection

diverse sides on both ends are removed most look the same because optimal zone is most of them

Stabilizing Selection

kills off optimum both ends of extremes survives and might create 2 different species

Disruptive Selection

sexual selection between sexes ex: male peacock feathers to attract females - signal that they have good genes

Intersexual Selection

sexual selection between the same sex ex: fighting for more territory or mates

Intrasexual Selection

two species that do the exact same thing will compete very highly against each other no two species can occupy the same niche in the same environment for a long time because they fight for the same resources, one will get better than the other, one will converge, or one will die off

Competitive Exclusion Principle

traits diverge overtime, leading to:

specialization (specific resources) narrower niche width (less likely to eat or be in other environments) less competition (because more specialized)

type of drug resistance where the microorganism is able to survive exposure to an antibiotic always finish medicine or the strongest viruses stay alive

Antibiotic Resistance

the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise branch into new species with a common ancestor

Speciation

organisms diversify rapidly from an ancestral species into a multitude of new forms

Adaptive Radiation

features take time to develop

Phyletic Gradualism

features can show up, reproduce a lot, and change populations relatively fast

Punctuated Equilibrium

the process that makes organisms better suited to its habitat

Adaptation

the process where a species diverges into two or more descendant species

Speciation

the disappearance of an entire species that doesn't adapt or evolve to new conditions

Extinction

What are the outcomes of evolution?

Adaptation Speciation Extinction

what are types of ecological services?

soil formation water disposal air and water purification nutrient cycling solar energy absorption pollination

why is biodiversity important?

ecological services food drugs and medicine aesthetics and culture

the application of biological methods and systems found in nature to the study and design of engineering systems and modern technology taking something, understanding why it is helpful and purifying it to make into medicine

Bionics