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BI-100/L > CH4: NATURAL SELECTION > Flashcards

CH4: NATURAL SELECTION Flashcards

1
Q

Differential survival due to differences in phenotype to match the changing environment.

A

Natural Selection

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2
Q

named group of organisms that are distinct to be assigned a specific category (branches on phylogenetic tree)

A

Taxon

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3
Q

study of evolutionary relation among groups of organisms (identifies common ancestors)

A

Phylogenetics

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4
Q

branching diagram or tree showing the inferred evolutionary relationship among various biological species

A

Phylogenetic Tree

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5
Q

animals that can reproduce (simple)

A

Species

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6
Q

members of populations that actually or potentially interbreed in nature

populations with high genetic similarity

A

Biological Species

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7
Q

Organisms adapted to a particular set of resources

A

Ecological Species

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8
Q

The particular set of sources that species are adapted to

A

Niche

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9
Q

naturally able to produce fertile offspring of both sexes

A

Reproductive Species

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10
Q

actually or potentially interbreeding populations

A

Isolation Species

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11
Q

similarity of DNA of individuals or populations

A

Genetic Species

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12
Q

population considered distinct for purposes of conservation

A

Evolutionarily Significant Unit

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13
Q

Species is only applicable to what?

A

Sexually reproducing eukaryotes

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14
Q

the degree of variation of life forms within a given species, ecosystem, biome, or an entire planet

how much variation of life

A

Biodiversity

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15
Q

the number of different kinds of organisms in an ecosystem

A

Species Diversity

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16
Q

count of species but does not account for abundance

A

Species Richness

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17
Q

abundance of common species

A

Dominance Indices

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18
Q

take in account rare species

A

Information Statistics

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19
Q

the richness and complexity of a biological community

A

Ecological Diversity

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20
Q

variety of different versions of the same genes within a species (ex: different races)

the total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species

A

Genetic Diversity

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21
Q

the richness and complexity of a biological community incorporating both habitat(s) and the community(s) of organisms

the variety of species and ecological processes that occur in different physical settings

A

Ecosystem Diversity

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22
Q

unique to a particular geographic location such as a specific island, habitat type, nation, or other defined zone (evolved here)

A

Endemism

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23
Q

originating or naturally occurring in a particular place but not only in that location place; evolved here but in other places too (ex: Koko bird)

A

Indigenous

24
Q

brought to a particular place by human activity

A

Introduced

25
Q

the change in the inherited characteristics of biological populations over successive generations

the process by which the biodiversity of life has arisen

gene distribution changes over time

A

Evolution

26
Q

inherited traits controlled by genes

A

Genotype

27
Q

the observable traits that make up the structure and behavior of an organism

A

Phenotype

28
Q

What 3 things does Variation come from?

A

Mutations in genetic material
Sexual reproduction
Migration between populations

29
Q

Evolution by natural selection is based on what 3 facts?

A
  1. More offspring are produced than can possibly survive (4/7)
  2. Traits vary among individuals
  3. Trait differences are heritable
30
Q

True or False
Natural Selection/changes in dominant species happens over populations and generations, not over one single time

A

True

31
Q

changes in genetic sequence of genomic material (DNA, RNA)

spontaneous or induced

A

Mutation

32
Q

what causes mutation?

A

radiation, viruses, mutagenic chemicals, errors during meiosis

33
Q

cases where growth and differentiation processes are governed by genetic mechanisms that are homologous and deeply conserved across a wide range of species

growth and differentiation in genes most of us share from a common ancestor (ex: PAX6 gene)

A

Deep Homology

34
Q

the offspring of sexual organisms contain random mixtures of their parents’ chromosomes that are produced through independent assortment

diverse gametes come together, making you different from your parents

A

Sexual Reproduction

35
Q

environmental factors within minimum and maximum levels, beyond which a particular species cannot survive or is unable to reproduce

determines an organism’s habitat or ecological niche

A

Tolerance Levels

36
Q

True or False
Natural selection works very well when conditions are ideal

A

False
Natural selection does NOT work very well when conditions are ideal because there are no selection pressures (everyone has food and mates to reproduce, aka variety of traits passed to new generations)

37
Q

describes the success of an organism’s ability to adapt and cope with difficulties experienced during their life

ability to reproduce in new conditions

A

Fitness

38
Q

shifts to a certain direction because selection pressure favors one side

A

Directional Selection

39
Q

diverse sides on both ends are removed

most look the same because optimal zone is most of them

A

Stabilizing Selection

40
Q

kills off optimum

both ends of extremes survives and might create 2 different species

A

Disruptive Selection

41
Q

sexual selection between sexes

ex: male peacock feathers to attract females - signal that they have good genes

A

Intersexual Selection

42
Q

sexual selection between the same sex

ex: fighting for more territory or mates

A

Intrasexual Selection

43
Q

two species that do the exact same thing will compete very highly against each other

no two species can occupy the same niche in the same environment for a long time

because they fight for the same resources, one will get better than the other, one will converge, or one will die off

A

Competitive Exclusion Principle

44
Q

traits diverge overtime, leading to:

A

specialization (specific resources)

narrower niche width (less likely to eat or be in other environments)

less competition (because more specialized)

45
Q

type of drug resistance where the microorganism is able to survive exposure to an antibiotic

always finish medicine or the strongest viruses stay alive

A

Antibiotic Resistance

46
Q

the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise

branch into new species with a common ancestor

A

Speciation

47
Q

organisms diversify rapidly from an ancestral species into a multitude of new forms

A

Adaptive Radiation

48
Q

features take time to develop

A

Phyletic Gradualism

49
Q

features can show up, reproduce a lot, and change populations relatively fast

A

Punctuated Equilibrium

50
Q

the process that makes organisms better suited to its habitat

A

Adaptation

51
Q

the process where a species diverges into two or more descendant species

A

Speciation

52
Q

the disappearance of an entire species that doesn’t adapt or evolve to new conditions

A

Extinction

53
Q

What are the outcomes of evolution?

A

Adaptation
Speciation
Extinction

54
Q

what are types of ecological services?

A

soil formation
water disposal
air and water purification
nutrient cycling
solar energy absorption
pollination

55
Q

why is biodiversity important?

A

ecological services
food
drugs and medicine
aesthetics and culture

56
Q

the application of biological methods and systems found in nature to the study and design of engineering systems and modern technology

taking something, understanding why it is helpful and purifying it to make into medicine

A

Bionics

BI-100/L (6 decks)

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