CH4: NATURAL SELECTION Flashcards
Differential survival due to differences in phenotype to match the changing environment.
Natural Selection
named group of organisms that are distinct to be assigned a specific category (branches on phylogenetic tree)
Taxon
study of evolutionary relation among groups of organisms (identifies common ancestors)
Phylogenetics
branching diagram or tree showing the inferred evolutionary relationship among various biological species
Phylogenetic Tree
animals that can reproduce (simple)
Species
members of populations that actually or potentially interbreed in nature
populations with high genetic similarity
Biological Species
Organisms adapted to a particular set of resources
Ecological Species
The particular set of sources that species are adapted to
Niche
naturally able to produce fertile offspring of both sexes
Reproductive Species
actually or potentially interbreeding populations
Isolation Species
similarity of DNA of individuals or populations
Genetic Species
population considered distinct for purposes of conservation
Evolutionarily Significant Unit
Species is only applicable to what?
Sexually reproducing eukaryotes
the degree of variation of life forms within a given species, ecosystem, biome, or an entire planet
how much variation of life
Biodiversity
the number of different kinds of organisms in an ecosystem
Species Diversity
count of species but does not account for abundance
Species Richness
abundance of common species
Dominance Indices
take in account rare species
Information Statistics
the richness and complexity of a biological community
Ecological Diversity
variety of different versions of the same genes within a species (ex: different races)
the total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species
Genetic Diversity
the richness and complexity of a biological community incorporating both habitat(s) and the community(s) of organisms
the variety of species and ecological processes that occur in different physical settings
Ecosystem Diversity
unique to a particular geographic location such as a specific island, habitat type, nation, or other defined zone (evolved here)
Endemism
originating or naturally occurring in a particular place but not only in that location place; evolved here but in other places too (ex: Koko bird)
Indigenous
brought to a particular place by human activity
Introduced
the change in the inherited characteristics of biological populations over successive generations
the process by which the biodiversity of life has arisen
gene distribution changes over time
Evolution
inherited traits controlled by genes
Genotype
the observable traits that make up the structure and behavior of an organism
Phenotype
What 3 things does Variation come from?
Mutations in genetic material
Sexual reproduction
Migration between populations
Evolution by natural selection is based on what 3 facts?
- More offspring are produced than can possibly survive (4/7)
- Traits vary among individuals
- Trait differences are heritable
True or False
Natural Selection/changes in dominant species happens over populations and generations, not over one single time
True
changes in genetic sequence of genomic material (DNA, RNA)
spontaneous or induced
Mutation
what causes mutation?
radiation, viruses, mutagenic chemicals, errors during meiosis
cases where growth and differentiation processes are governed by genetic mechanisms that are homologous and deeply conserved across a wide range of species
growth and differentiation in genes most of us share from a common ancestor (ex: PAX6 gene)
Deep Homology
the offspring of sexual organisms contain random mixtures of their parents’ chromosomes that are produced through independent assortment
diverse gametes come together, making you different from your parents
Sexual Reproduction
environmental factors within minimum and maximum levels, beyond which a particular species cannot survive or is unable to reproduce
determines an organism’s habitat or ecological niche
Tolerance Levels
True or False
Natural selection works very well when conditions are ideal
False
Natural selection does NOT work very well when conditions are ideal because there are no selection pressures (everyone has food and mates to reproduce, aka variety of traits passed to new generations)
describes the success of an organism’s ability to adapt and cope with difficulties experienced during their life
ability to reproduce in new conditions
Fitness
shifts to a certain direction because selection pressure favors one side
Directional Selection
diverse sides on both ends are removed
most look the same because optimal zone is most of them
Stabilizing Selection
kills off optimum
both ends of extremes survives and might create 2 different species
Disruptive Selection
sexual selection between sexes
ex: male peacock feathers to attract females - signal that they have good genes
Intersexual Selection
sexual selection between the same sex
ex: fighting for more territory or mates
Intrasexual Selection
two species that do the exact same thing will compete very highly against each other
no two species can occupy the same niche in the same environment for a long time
because they fight for the same resources, one will get better than the other, one will converge, or one will die off
Competitive Exclusion Principle
traits diverge overtime, leading to:
specialization (specific resources)
narrower niche width (less likely to eat or be in other environments)
less competition (because more specialized)
type of drug resistance where the microorganism is able to survive exposure to an antibiotic
always finish medicine or the strongest viruses stay alive
Antibiotic Resistance
the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise
branch into new species with a common ancestor
Speciation
organisms diversify rapidly from an ancestral species into a multitude of new forms
Adaptive Radiation
features take time to develop
Phyletic Gradualism
features can show up, reproduce a lot, and change populations relatively fast
Punctuated Equilibrium
the process that makes organisms better suited to its habitat
Adaptation
the process where a species diverges into two or more descendant species
Speciation
the disappearance of an entire species that doesn’t adapt or evolve to new conditions
Extinction
What are the outcomes of evolution?
Adaptation
Speciation
Extinction
what are types of ecological services?
soil formation
water disposal
air and water purification
nutrient cycling
solar energy absorption
pollination
why is biodiversity important?
ecological services
food
drugs and medicine
aesthetics and culture
the application of biological methods and systems found in nature to the study and design of engineering systems and modern technology
taking something, understanding why it is helpful and purifying it to make into medicine
Bionics
