Ch.8 Vocab

Question 1

Fundamental rights and freedoms protected from infringement by the government

Answer 1

civil liberties

Question 2

protections from discrimination as a member of a particular group

Answer 2

civil rights

Question 3

a list of fundamental rights and freedoms that individuals possess (aka. the first 10 amendments)

Answer 3

bill of rights

Question 4

(14th Amendment) restricts state government’s from denying citizens their natural rights (life, liberty, property) without legal safeguards

Answer 4

due process clause

Question 5

the piecemeal process through which the Supreme Court has affirmed that almost all of the protections within the Bill of Rights also apply to state government

Answer 5

selective incorporation

Question 6

(1st Amendment) protection against the government requiring citizens to join or support a religion

Answer 6

establishment clause

Question 7

(1st Amendment) protection of the rights of individuals to exercise and express their religious beliefs

Answer 7

free exercise clause

Question 8

(1st Amendment) a fundamental right to speak, publish, and protest

Answer 8

freedom of expression

Question 9

legal standing that speech posing an immediate and serious threat to national security isn’t protected by the 1st Amendment

Answer 9

clear and present danger

Question 10

the suppression of material prior to publication on the grounds that it might endanger national security

Answer 10

prior restraint

Question 11

protected in the form of images, signs, and other symbols

Answer 11

symbolic speech

Question 12

an untrue, written statement that injures a person’s reputation

Answer 12

libel

Question 13

an untrue, spoken expression that injures a person’s reputation

Answer 13

slander

Question 14

words, images, or videos that depict sexual activity in an offensive manner and that lack any artistic maerit

Answer 14

obscenity and pornography

Question 15

laws criminalizing conduct that was legal at the time it occured

Answer 15

ex post facto laws

Question 16

a law passed by Congress punishing an individual without a trial

Answer 16

bills of attainder

Question 17

a document setting out reasons for an arrest or detention

Answer 17

write of habeas corpus

Question 18

a judicial standard requiring that fairness be applied to all individuals equally

Answer 18

procedural due process

Question 19

a document issued by a judge authorizing a search

Answer 19

warrant

Question 20

reasonable belief that a crime was committed or that there is evidence of criminal activity

Answer 20

probably cause

Question 21

a rule that evidence obtained without a warrant is inadmissible in court

Answer 21

exclusionary rule

Question 22

a group for citizens who, based on the evidence presented it them, decide whether or not a person should be indicted on criminal charges and subsequently tried in court

Answer 22

grand jury

Question 23

protects an individual acquitted of a crime from being charged with the same crime again in the same jurisdiction

Answer 23

double jeopardy

Question 24

the right to remain silent and to have an attorney present during questioning
- these rights must be given by police to individual suspected of criminal activity

Answer 24

Miranda Rights

Question 25

an amount of money posted as a security to allow the charged individual to be freed while awaiting trial

Answer 25

bail