CH7 The Cardiovascular System

Question 1

Valves LAB RAT

Answer 1

Left Atrium = Bicuspid (mitral)

Right Atrium = Tricuspid

Question 2

Cardiac Output formula

Answer 2

CO = HR x Strove Volume

Question 4

Blood Pathway Summary

Answer 4

Question 5

What are Erythrocytes, function, and parts

how do they get ATP

Answer 5

are RBCs

250 molecules of hemoglobin which bind 4 O2 molecules

They don’t have nuclei or mitochondria

they produce ATP via glycolysis

Question 6

What are Leukocytes?

Percent composition in blood?

What are the types? Granulocytes

Answer 6

They are white blood cells

account for 1% of blood

Granulocyte: Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. They are involved in inflammation reaction and destruction of bacteria

Question 7

Thrombocytes, released from where?

Answer 7

cell fragments or shards, released from the cell in the bone marrow known as Megakaryocytes.

They help in blood clotting

Question 8

What is Hematopoiesis? relation with erythropoietin and thrombopoietin where is it secreted?

Answer 8

is the production of RBC and platelets

Regulated by erythropoietin secreted by the kidney which stimulates RBC production

thrombopoietin secreted by kidney and liver stimulates platelet development

Question 9

Blood types and capabilities

Answer 9

Question 10

Clot formation and brokerage, what does what

thrombin, fibrin, fibrinogen, plasmin

Answer 10

Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin and forms small fibers that aggregate.

Plasminogen generates plasmin which is in charge of breaking it down.

Question 11

Electrical conduction of the heart steps.

Bundle of His, AV, SA, and Purkinje fibers

Answer 11

SA node sends signals (without neurological input) as they spread it cause the two atria to contract,

then it reaches the AV node (at the junction of atria and ventricles), the signal is delayed so the ventricles can fill before contraction.

signal reaches the bundle of His (AV bundle) where it branches out in the interventricular septum (wall) and to the Purkinje fibers which distribute the signal through the ventricular muscle

Question 12

Oxygen Binding and hemoglobin changes

Answer 12

1. Transition from the T to the R state
2. Affinity increases with O2 Pressure
3. Hemoglobin has positive binding cooperativity

Question 13

How does the affinity for oxygen in hemoglobin change during exercise?

Answer 13

1. Production of lactic acid increases H+ concentration in blood
2. H+ binds to hemoglobin and decrease oxygen binding (Bohr effect) to be released to nearby tissues