CH1 Cells Flashcards
Lysosomes
and
Endosomes
Single Membrane-bound organelle with digestive enzyme inside (acid hydrolases) pH=5
Releases broken-down products back to cytoplasm for reuse. i.e hormone is broken into proteins that are released and re-used
ENDOSOME: function in the sorting and delivery of internalized material they transport materials from the Golgi to the lysosome or vacuole
Mitochondria Characteristics, extranuclear inheritance
Inner membrane?
Intermembrane Space?
Matrix?
Replicates on his own via binary fusion. extranuclear inheritance (transmission of DNA independent of nucleus)
Inner membrane: arranged into unfoldings called cristae (increase surface area) contains molecules and enzyme for ETC
Intermembrane Space: space b/w inner and outer membrane
Matrix: liquid inside the inner membrane space.
prontos move from matrix to intermembrane space
Chemotaxis
the way bacteria can move away or towards chemical stimuli
chemo - TAXIS
The Nucleus
Membrane.
DNA is coiled around what?
Nucleolus?
Has DNA, surrounded by a double nuclear membrane with nuclear pores that allow 2-way exchange.
DNA wraps around Histones (protein), which then round up to make a chromosome
The nucleolus is where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized
Microtubules
made up of hollow polymers of tubulin (microtubules)
Function:
provides pathways through cell where motor proteins (kinesin and dynein) can carry vesicles
makeup Cilia (found on surface of cells which can move materials along surface. i.e found in respiratory tract where they can move mucus.
Make up flagella (aids on movement of cell itself) i.e sperm cells
Archaea
similarities, composition, metabolic pathways
Visually similar to bacteria, but similar metabolic pathways to eukaryotic.
Divide by binary fusion with a single circular chromosome
HAVE HISTONES
Knowns for using alternative sources of energy. i.e photosynthesis, sulfur, and nitrogen-based compounds (ammonia)
Gram-positive vs Gram-negative bacteria
Positive: consist of a THICK layer of peptidoglycan (amino acids and sugars) stain purple
Negative: It also has peptidoglycan but small cuantities Contain outer membranes with phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides.
Rough ER
Rough ER (RER):
has ribosomes (where protein synthesis takes place) ribosomes have no MEMBRANE
proteins synthesized in ribosomes are secreted to the extracellular environment or become integrated proteins in the cellular membrane
proteins synthesized in cytoplasm ribosomes end up in the nucleus, mitochondria, peroxisomes, Golgi apparatus or lysosomes or remain in the cytoplasm
post-translational modification of proteins happens in rough ER
Intermediate filaments
made up of: keratin, desmin, vimentin, and lamins.
Function:
Cell to cell adhesion
maintenance of integrity of cytoskeleton, help anchor other organelles
Microfilaments
made up of rods of actin (like in the muscle actin=act=move) wrapped around each other.
Function: protects cell (from compression and fracture). by using ATP can generate force for movement as seen in cytokinesis (division of material b/w daughter cells). And during mitosis which the cleavage furrow is formed by, by contraction of the ring it pinches off the connection b/w the two daughter cells.
Viruses?
Capsid?
Bacteriophages
Composed of genetic material (circular or linear, single or double, and RNA or DNA)
around a protein coat knowns as a capsid surrounded by phospholipid envelope.
Bacteriophages: viruses that specifically attack bacteria
Viruses can’t replicate by themselves, they need host cell because they lack ribosomes to carry out protein synthesis.
types:
Single-Strand RNA:
- Positive-sense: RNA strand can be directly translated by ribosomes of host cell and make proteins
- Negative-sense: need RNA replicase in the virion that will synthesize the complementary strand and that will be translated
- Retroviruses: contain two identical RNA strands and reverse transcriptase which will open host DNA and allow the single-strand RNA to merge and create a new DNA strand. The DNA will integrate into the host’s genome, therefore, being there forever, and being transcribed and making its proteins. i.e HIV
Prions: small particles (subviral) that cause disease by triggering the misfolding of other proteins. i.e mad cow disease
Viroids: infect plants, infect RNA and silence genes in RNA
Viruses that contain only a capsid as an outer layer are known as non-enveloped or naked viruses, and are able to survive in harsh conditions. Viruses with a phospholipid bilayer surrounding the viral capsid are referred to as enveloped viruses; these are more susceptible to changes in environmental conditions.
Smooth ER (SER):
synthesis lipids (steroid hormones, phospholipids in the cell membrane)
Metabolizes carbohydrates
aids in detox of drugs
can also transport proteins made in RER to the Golgi apparatus
Plasmids?
and
How do bacteria make energy and
Plasmid can carry DNA, this helps for antibacterial resistance
Cell membrane is used for ETC
Transformation?
Conjugation?
Transduction?
Transformation: Integrate genetic material from outside i.e a bacteria that exploded. They transform
Conjugation: Bacteria having sex, form conjugation bridge. can pass resistance info in the colony. Male with pilus puts it in and the other one becomes a male as well.
Transduction: Virus transmits genetic material to other bacteria.
Golgi Apparatus:
Modifies proteins that are made in the rough ER
sorts and send proteins to their proper destinations (extracellular space, lysosomes, and/or cell membrane) by packing them into vesicles that can merge with the places it needs to go
Synthesis of certain molecules that need to be secreted from the cell
Epithelial Tissue?
involved in what?
relation with connective tissue?
Parenchyma? Examples?
Types of epithelial cells
Covers body and line its cavities. Polarized on side faces in other out
Protection. They are involved in absorption, secretion, and sensation
Connected tightly with each other as well with basement membrane (part of the connective tissue)
Parenchyma (functional parts of the organ): i.e nephrons, hepatocytes (liver), and acid-producing cells in the stomach are all epithelial cells
Western Blot.
it separates by what
Western blot is a laboratory technique that first separates proteins by size (gel electrophoresis) and then transfers them to a blotting membrane. A primary antibody specific for the protein of interest is used as a probe. The membrane is washed to clear unbound antibodies and then treated with a secondary antibody that specifically binds to the primary antibody. Depending on the type of secondary antibody used, detection of the proteins of interest is achieved either by fluorescence or by a reporter enzyme. In general, proteins with the shortest amino acid sequences have lower molecular weights and migrate quickly through the gel. Band intensity (thickness) demonstrates the relative levels of expression of the target proteins.
