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Biology > Ch.7 > Flashcards

Ch.7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Who was Robert Hooke?

A

First person to use a light microscope and saw chambers in it(called them cells)and therefore discovered cells;his discovery stimulated other scientists to search for cells in other living things

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2
Q

What is the cell theory?

A
  1. All living things are made of cells
  2. Cells are the basics unit of structure and function in living things
  3. New cells are produced from living cells
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3
Q

What are all the cell parts?

A

Membrane-thin,flexible barrier
Wall-strong layer around the cell membrane and has the same function a the membrane
Nucleus-center of the cell and contains the cells genetic material and controls the cell activities
Cytoplasm-gel like substance that fills the cell(not the nucleus)

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4
Q

What are the two cell categories?

A

Prokaryotes-no nucleus,have cytoplasm and a membrane,carry out every activity associated with life(bacteria)
Eukaryotes-have a nucleus,plants animals and fungi are examples,have cytoplasm and membrane,contain several specialized structures called organelles,have endoplasmic reticulums

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5
Q

What are organelles?

A

Collective Name given to the cell parts;spec listed organs or structures

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6
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

Portion of the cell outside the nucleus;works together with the nucleus;one of the tow major parts in a eukaryotic cell

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7
Q

What does the nucleus contain?

A

Nearly all of the DNA in a cell;it’s also coded which instructions for making proteins and other important molecules

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8
Q

What is the nickname of the nucleus?

A

Control center

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9
Q

What is the nuclear envelope?

A

Surrounds the nucleus;composed of two membranes and has thousands of nuclear pores which allows materials to move in and out of the nucleus

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10
Q

What is chromatin?

A

Consists of DNA bound to protein;granular like material you see in the nucleus;

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11
Q

What happens when a cell divides chromatin?

A

Condense ps to form chromosomes(genetic material passed on from one cell to the next)

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12
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

Small,dense region found in most nuclei;where the assembly of ribosomes begins

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13
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Produce proteins;found throughout the cytoplasm;made of RNA

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14
Q

What is an endoplasmic reticulum?

A

The site where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled,along with other proteins materials exported from the cell

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15
Q

What is the rough ER?

A

Chemically synthesizes proteins that are to be exported;ribosomes are found on its surface

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16
Q

What is the smooth ER?

A

Contains collections of enzymes that form special tasks

17
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus?

A

Discovered by Italian scientist Camilo Golgi;modifies,sorts,and packages proteins and other materials from the ER for storage in the cell or secretion outside the cell;proteins are the shipped to their final destination in the cell from here(FACTORY)

18
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Small organelles filled with enzymes;one of its functions is t o breakdown lipids,carbohydrates,and proteins(removes junk)

19
Q

What is the vacuole?

A

Stores materials such as salt,water,carbohydrates,and proteins;most cells have one single,central vacuole filled with lipid;the pressure of the central vacuole is to make it possible for plants to support heavy structures such as leaves an flowers

20
Q

What is the mitochondria?

A

Organelles that convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for cell use;enclosed in two membranes

21
Q

What are chloroplasts?

A

Organelles that convert light energy into chemical energy;contains the green pigment chlorophyll(plays a key role in the photosynthetic process)

22
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

Network of filaments that helps maintain the cell shape;involved in the cell movement;the filaments it has are microfilaments and microtubules

23
Q

What is a lipid bilayer?

A

The core of the cells membranes that is a double layer sheet;gives embarked a tough,flexible structure that forms a strong barrier the cell’s surroundings

24
Q

What is co concentration?

A

The mass of a solute in a given volume of a solution

25
Q

What are cell walls made up of?

A

Cellulose(fiber in our diet)

26
Q

What is a key factor about membranes and walls?

A

They are porous so stuff can travel through it

27
Q

What else do membranes do?

A

Maintain a stable environment

28
Q

What is passive transport?

A

Process that does not require energy to molecules from HIGH TO LOW concentration

29
Q

What are the types of passive transport?

A

Diffusion-movement of SMALL particles across a selectively permanent membrane like the cell membrane until equilibrium is reached(equal distribution)(HIGH TO LOW)
Facilitated diffusion-movement of LARGE molecules through the cell membrane,but need help(protein channel made from protein)
Osmosis-diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane like a cell membrane(HIGH TO LOW)

30
Q

What are the types of solutions p?

A

Hypertonic-solutions that contain high C of solute relative to another solution(cell shrivels when placed in because water diffuses from it)
Hypotonic-solutions that contain low C solute relative to another solution(cell swells when placed because water diffuses in the cell)
Isotonic-solution that contain same C of solute as another solution(cell stays the same because water comes in and out at the same rate. The fluid that surrounds the cell is isotonic)

31
Q

What is active transport?

A

Movement of molecule from LOW TO HIGH concentration and this movement requires energy

32
Q

What are protein pumps?

A

Proteins that work as pumps(DUH)

33
Q

What is Endocytosis and exocytosis?

A

The mechanism by which very large molecules(food and wastes)get into an out of the cell(endo in;exo out)

34
Q

What is a unicellular organism?

A

One cell

35
Q

What is a multicellular organism?

A

Many cells;specialized to perform particular functions within the organism

36
Q

What are the levels of organization in a cell?

A

(In a multicellular organism)

  1. Individual cells
  2. Tissue
  3. Organs-many tissues that work together
  4. Organ systems-groups of organs
37
Q

Who was Anton van Leeuwenhoek?

A

First person to see organisms in water;first to use a microscope to study nature

Biology (8 decks)

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