Ch6: Social Control and Deviance

Question 1

Social Deviance

Answer 1

Any transgression of socially established norms. It can be informal or formal (crime). It’s punished.

Question 2

Social Cohesion

Answer 2

How people form social bonds, relate to each other, and get along on a day-to-day basis

Question 3

Mechanical/Segmental Solidarity

Answer 3

Society coheres based on the sameness of the individual parts. PREMODERN SOCIETY

Question 4

Organic Solidarity

Answer 4

Society coheres based on interdependence; members perform different, specialized functions that, together, smooth workings of the whole. MODERN SOCIETY

Question 5

Punishment

Answer 5

Makes the offender suffer, it is an act of collective vengeance. It reinforces boundaries of acceptable behavior and unites the collectivity. Typical of premodern societies and mechanic solidarity.

Question 6

Rehabilitation

Answer 6

Sanction focusing on the individual and their circumstances. It is designed to transform the offender into a productive member of society. Typical of modern societies and organic solidarity.

Question 7

Social Control

Answer 7

Set of mechanisms that create normative compliance. They can be formal, which are rules or laws prohibiting deviant behaviors, or informal, which are usually unexpressed but widely known rules of membership.

Question 8

Social regulation

Answer 8

Number of rules guiding your daily life and what you can expect from the world

Question 9

Social integration

Answer 9

Degree to which you’re integrated into your social group

Question 10

Egoistic Suicide

Answer 10

Not well integrated into group. Creates hopelessness

Question 11

Altruistic Suicide

Answer 11

Too integrated. Group determines life so much that the individual feels meaningless aside from social recognition

Question 12

Anomic Suicide (& anomie)

Answer 12

Insufficient social regulation. Causes anomie, a sense of aimlessness/despair when we can’t expect life to be meaningful and we don’t have control over our wellbeing

Question 13

Fatalistic Suicide

Answer 13

Too much social regulation. Monotony

Question 14

Merton’s Strain Theory

Answer 14

Anomie and deviance occur when a society doesn’t give its members equal ability to achieve socially acceptable goals

Question 15

Conformist

Answer 15

Accepts goals and means

Question 16

Ritualist

Answer 16

Accepts means but rejects goals

Question 17

Innovator

Answer 17

Accepts goals but rejects means

Question 18

Retreatist

Answer 18

Rejects goals and means and stops participating in society

Question 19

Rebel

Answer 19

Rejects goals and means and tries to alter or destroy society

Question 20

Labeling Theory (Becker)

Answer 20

Individuals subconsciously notice how others see or label them, and their reactions to those labels over time form the basis of their self-identity.

Question 21

Stigma

Answer 21

Negative social label that alters others’ behavior toward a person and that person’s self-concept and social identity

Question 22

Broken Windows Theory

Answer 22

Social context and cues impact how individuals act.

Question 23

Street Crime

Answer 23

Committed in public.

Question 24

White-Collar Crime

Answer 24

Committed by a professional against a corporation, agency, or other institution

Question 25

Corporate Crime

Answer 25

Committed by officers of a corporation

Question 26

Deterrence Theory

Answer 26

Believes crime results from a rational calculation of the costs and benefits of criminal activity. So, to reduce crime, the cost of getting caught should be higher than the benefits of committing a crime. It can be specific or general.

Question 27

Recidivism

Answer 27

Repeated deviance

Question 28

Foucault’s stance on punishment + Panopticon

Answer 28

Premodern forms of punishment focused on the body and were associated with the crime committed. Modern punishments’ target is the prisoners’ soul, the sum of one’s unique habits and peculiarities. It wants to correct individual behavior. Foucault also argues that penal practices reflect how social control is exercised outside prison walls.
Panopticon: circular building composed of inner and outer ring designed to serve as a prison in which the guards (inner ring) can observe the prisoners (outer ring) without them knowing whether they’re being watched. Foucault asserts the guards’ power is “visible and unverifiable”, and he uses this as a metaphor for society’s disciplinary techniques (you don’t deviate because everyone’s always watching)