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Biology > Ch.6 Nutrition in humans > Flashcards

Ch.6 Nutrition in humans Flashcards

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1
Q

________ is a process in which organisms obtain food for energy, growth and maintaining health.

A

Nutrition

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2
Q

A__________ nutrition and h___________ nutrition are two different modes of nutrition.

A

autotrophic (自養) ; heterotrophic (異養)

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3
Q

Plants make their own food by photosynthesis. They are _________s.

A

autotrophs (自養生物)

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4
Q

Most of the organisms cannot make their own food but depend on other organisms for food. They are __________s.

A

heterotrophs (異養生物)

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5
Q

There are three types of heterotrophic nutrition, including h_______ nutrition, s__________ nutrition and p_______ nutrition.

A

holozoic(動物式); saprophytic(腐生式); parasitic(寄生式)

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6
Q

In holozoic nutrition, organisms take in _______ food and digest it inside the body.
E.g.: Humans

A

complex

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7
Q

In saprophytic nutrition, organisms break down the food outside the body and then _______ the soluble nutrients into the body.
E.g.: saprophytes like bread mould and bacteria

A

absorb

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8
Q

In ________ nutrition, organisms live on or inside the body of other organisms and obtain food from them.
E.g.: parasites like tapeworms

A

parasitic

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9
Q

The membrane of human cells is __________ permeable. Large, complex food molecules have to be broken down into small, soluble molecules to enter the cells.

A

differentially

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10
Q

The food molecules are ________ly different from those making up our body. Our body has to break down and use the small molecules to build our own molecules.

A

structurally

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11
Q

Processes of nutrition in humans:

________ → digestion → _________ → __________ → egestion

A

ingestion; absorption; assimilation(同化)

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12
Q

Nutrition in humans take place in the digestive system, which consist of the _________ canal and its associated digestive ______.

A

alimentary; glands

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13
Q

The alimentary canal is a long muscular tube that begins at the ______ and ends at the _____.

A

mouth; anus(肛門)

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14
Q

The digestive glands produce ________ ______, which are released into the alimentary canal to aid digestion.

A

digestive juices (消化液)

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15
Q

In which two forms does digestion occur?

A

Physical digestion and chemical digestion

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16
Q

_________ digestion breaks down food into smaller pieces by physical actions.

A

Physical

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17
Q

Physical digestion increases the ________ area of the food for digestive juices to act on.

A

surface

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18
Q

Chemical digestion involves chemical reactions that are catalyzed by digestive ________s such as carbohydrases, lipases and proteases.

A

enzymes

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19
Q

Chemical digestion breaks down complex food molecules into small, soluble forms, which are ready for __________.

A

absorption

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20
Q

Name the physical digestion in the mouth cavity.

A

Chewing (mastication)

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21
Q

The chemical digestion in the mouth cavity is catalyzed by the enzyme in _______.

A

saliva

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22
Q

Name the physical digestion in the stomach.

A

Churning (劇烈攪動)

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23
Q

The chemical digestion in the stomach is catalyzed by the enzyme in _______ juice.

A

gastric

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24
Q

What is the physical digestion in the small intestine called and what catalyzes it?

A

Emulsification(乳化) by bile(膽汁)

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25
Q

The chemical digestion in the small intestine is catalyzed by enzymes in __________ juice and enzymes on the intestinal _____.

A

pancreatic; wall

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26
Q

Name the process of moving food from oesophagus to rectum.

A

Peristalsis (蠕動)

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27
Q

In peristalsis, the circular muscles and longitudinal muscles in the wall of the alimentary canal _________ alternatively to produce a ______-like movement to push the food.

A

contract; wave

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28
Q

Importance of peristalsis:

  • it pushes food along the alimentary canal
  • it helps mix the food with _________ juices
  • it helps ___________ by increasing the contact between the intestinal wall and digested food
A

digestive; absorption

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29
Q

Site of digestion: mouth cavity
Digestive juice: ______
Site of production: ________ glands

A

saliva; salivary

30
Q

Enzyme or other substance present in saliva:

  • salivary _________ [starch → maltose]
  • water
  • mucus
A

amylase

31
Q

Site of digestion: stomach
Digestive juice: _______ juice
Site of production: _______ glands in stomach wall

A

gastric; gastric

32
Q

Enzymes or other substances present in gastric juice:

  • pepsin [protein → ________s]
  • ____________ acid
  • mucus
A

peptides; hydrochloric

33
Q

Site of digestion: small intestine (duodenum)
Digestive juice: bile
Site of production: _____

A

liver

34
Q

Enzymes or other substances present in bile:

  • bile ____s [lipids → small lipid droplets] (emulsification)
  • bile pigments
  • sodium _________________
A

salts; hydrogencarbonate

35
Q

Where is the bile stored?

A

Gallbladder

36
Q

T/F: Emulsification is chemical digestion.

A

F

Emulsification is physical digestion.

37
Q

Site of digestion: [____?____]
Digestive juice: pancreatic juice
Site of production: pancreas

A

small intestine

38
Q

Enzymes or other substances present:

  • pancreatic amylase [starch → ________]
  • proteases [proteins → ________s → amino acids]
  • pancreatic _______ [lipids → glycerol + fatty acid]
  • sodium hydrogencarbonate
A

maltose; peptides; lipase

39
Q

Site of digestion: small intestine
Digestive juice: _________ juice
Site of production: ______s in the wall of small intestine

A

intestinal; glands; sodium

40
Q

Site of digestion: small intestine
Digestion juice: intestinal juice
Site of production: specialized cells on __________ of small intestine

A

epithelium

41
Q

Enzymes or other substances present in intestinal juice:

  • ____________s [disaccharides → monosaccharides]
  • _________s [peptides → amino acids]
  • water
  • mucus
  • sodium hydrogencarbonate
A

carbohydrate; proteases

42
Q 
[Matching]
A) saliva B) gastric juice C) bile 
D) pancreatic juice E) intestinal juice
Acidic:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Alkaline:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Neutral:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A

Acidic: B
Alkaline: C, D, E
Neutral: A

43
Q

Absorption of food mainly takes place in the ______ of the small intestine.

A

ileum

44
Q

There are numerous ___A___ in small intestine for absorption. On the epithelial cells of ___A___, there are numerous ___B___.
What do A and B refer to?

A

villi; microvilli

45
Q

Each villus has a _______ vessel called lacteal in the centre. The lacteal is surrounded by a network of ________ies.

A

lymph; capillaries

46
Q

The routes of absorption of water and water-soluble food molecules:

  • water-soluble food molecules (e.g. monosaccharides, amino acids, minerals, water-soluble vitamins) → _________ and active transport → capillary
  • water → ________ → capillary
A

diffusion; osmosis

47
Q

The route of absorption of lipids and lipid-soluble food molecules:

  • fatty acids and glycerol → diffusion and ____________ → fine lipid droplets → lacteal
  • lipid-soluble vitamins → _________ → lacteal
A

recombining; diffusion

48
Q

The small intestine is very long. This allows sufficient ______ for absorption.

A

time

49
Q

The __________ of the small intestine brings digested food molecules into close contact with the villi and keeps a ______ concentration gradient for diffusion.

A

peristalsis; steep

50
Q

The highly-_______ inner wall of small intestine increases the surface area for absorption.

A

folded

51
Q

The _____ in the small intestine are finger-like and large in number. This increases the surface area for absorption.

A

villi

52
Q

The _______s and network of ________ies in villi transport absorbed food molecules away from villi rapidly. This keeps a steep concentration _________ of food molecules across the wall of the small intestine for rapid diffusion.

A

lacteals; capillaries; gradient

53
Q

The numerous _________ on the epithelial cells of villi further increase the surface area for absorption.

A

microvilli

54
Q

The __________ of the villus in small intestine is one-cell-thick. This reduces the diffusion distance for absorption.

A

epithelium

55
Q

In the large intestine, some of the remaining ______, minerals and vitamins inside are absorbed into the blood in the colon. The semi-solid material left inside is called _______.

A

water; faeces

56
Q 
The transport of absorbed water-soluble food molecules in assimilation:
capillaries in villi of small intestine
↓ hepatic portal vein
\_\_\_\_\_
↓ hepatic vein & vena cava
\_\_\_\_\_\_
↓ aorta
other parts of the body
A

liver; heart

57
Q

The transport of absorbed lipid and lipid-soluble food molecules:
_______s in villi of small intestine
↓ main _______ vessel, blood vessel near the ______ region and vena cava
heart
↓ aorta
other parts of the body

A

lacteals; lymph; neck

58
Q

Absorbed glucose is broken down by __________ in cells for releasing energy.

A

respiration

59
Q

Excess glucose is converted to _________ or lipids for storage.

A

glycogen

60
Q

Absorbed lipids are used by cells to make cell __________s and some hormones. It also acts as an energy reserve which is broken down to release energy when the body is short of _________.

A

membranes; glycogen

61
Q

Excess lipids are stored in the ________ tissues around the internal organs and under the _____.

A

adipose; skin

62
Q

Absorbed amino acids are used by cells to make ________s for growth and repair. They are also used to make ________s, antibodies and some hormones.

A

proteins; enzymes

63
Q

Amino acids are broken down when the stored ____________s and _____s are used up. Excess amino acids are broken down through ____________.

A

carbohydrates; lipids; deamination(脫氨作用)

64
Q

The role of the liver in carbohydrate metabolism:

  • regulates the blood g_______ level
  • stores g________
A

glucose; glucogen

65
Q

The role of the live in lipid metabolism:

- converts excess ____________s (e.g. glucose) and amino acids into lipids

A

carbohydrates

66
Q

The role of the liver in amino acid metabolism:

  • breaks down excess amino acids by ____________
  • synthesizes non-essential amino acids
A

deamination

67
Q

The liver breaks down old _____ blood cells and stores the _____ released in the process.

A

red; iron

68
Q

The liver stores _____-soluble vitamins. It also converts _________ to vitamin A.

A

lipid; carotene(胡蘿蔔素)

69
Q

The liver produces _____ for the emulsification of lipids in the duodenum.

A

bile

70
Q

The liver breaks down certain mild toxic substances in the blood through ____________.

A

detoxification (解毒)

Biology (9 decks)

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