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Biology > Ch.19 Ecosystems > Flashcards

Ch.19 Ecosystems Flashcards

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1
Q

Habitat (生境) is the place where organisms live. Each habitat has a well-_________ set of _________ conditions (e.g. soil types and temperature).

A

defined; physical

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2
Q

Ecology (生態學) is the study of the inter-relationships between organisms and the inter-relationships between organisms and their ____________.

A

environment

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3
Q

Levels of organization:

species → _________ → _________ → _________ → ______ → biosphere

A

species (物種) → population (種羣) → community (羣落) → ecosystem (生態系) → biome (生物群系) → biosphere (生物圈)

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4
Q

In an ecosystem, the cycling of materials, interactions between organisms and their physical environment lead to the flow of ______. These features maintain a self-_________, s______, and yet d_________ ecosystem.

A

energy; supported; stable; dynamic

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5
Q

Which two components made up an ecosystem?

A
  • abiotic factors (non-living components)

- biotic community (living component)

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6
Q 
(1):abiotic factors (2):biotic community
Species diversity (\_\_)
Oxygen level (\_\_)
Habitat (\_\_)
Rainfall and humidity (\_\_)
A

Species diversity (2)
Oxygen level (1)
Habitat (2)
Rainfall and humidity (1)

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7
Q 
(1):abiotic factors (2):biotic community
Dominant species (\_\_)
Niche (\_\_)
Salinity (\_\_)
Light intensity and day length (\_\_)
A

Dominant species (2)
Niche (2)
Salinity (1)
Light intensity and day length (1)

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8
Q

What is the meaning of “niche”?

A

A niche(生態位) is the role that an organism plays in its environment.

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9
Q

Species 1 gains benefit from species 2 while species 2 is harmed by species 1. What is the type of relationship between them?

A 
Predation (捕食) [ 1=predator(+); 2=prey(−) ]
or
Parasitism (寄生) [ 1=parasite(+); 2=host(−) ]
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10
Q

Both species 1 and 2 gains benefit from each other. What is the type of relationship between them?

A

Mutualism (互利共生)

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11
Q

T/F: In parasitism, both species of organisms are harmed by each other.

A

F
In commensalism(偏利共棲), both species of organisms are harmed by each other.
In parasitism/predation, Species 1 gains benefit from species 2 while species 2 is harmed by species 1.

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12
Q

In predation, the populations of both the prey and the predator sometimes follow a cycle. The change in the population of the p______ is always lagging behind that of the p______.

A

predator; prey

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13
Q

Is interspecific competition or intraspecific competition usually more intense? Explain.

A

Intraspecific competition(種內競爭) is usually more intense than interspecific competition(種間競爭). Individuals of the same species have the same niche and same needs.

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14
Q

_________ _________ is the series of changes in the composition of a community over a period of time.

A

Ecological succession (生態演替)

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15
Q

Process of primary succession:

  • After the retreat of the glacier, ______ ______ are exposed. Wind brings ______ spores to the rocks to form the _________ _________. The ______ ______ of the lichens are decomposed to become organic matter. The small rock particles and the organic matter gradually form the ______.
  • ______, ______ and grass start to grow in the soil and become the dominant species.
  • Dead, decaying plants and animals, as well as animal waste form ______ which further enriches the soil for the growth of ______.
  • The soil becomes thick and rich in _________ to support the growth of trees. The habitat turns into a _________ that attracts increasing numbers of animals. A _________ _________ is reached as species diversity reaches a maximum.
A
  • barren rocks; lichen; pioneer community(先鋒羣落); dead bodies; soil
  • Mosses; ferns
  • humus (腐殖質); shrubs
  • nutrients; woodland; climax community (頂級羣落)
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16
Q

Complete the table of primary succession:
Where it takes place: in ______ areas
Pioneer community: ______
Time needed to reach climax community: ( shorter / longer )

A

Where it takes place: in barren areas (where no
organisms and soil were present before)
Pioneer community: lichens
Time needed to reach climax community: longer

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17
Q

Complete the table of secondary succession:
Where it takes place: in ______ areas
Pioneer community: g______ and f______
Time needed to reach climax community: ( shorter / longer )

A

Where it takes place: In areas where organisms were
present before but are now barren
Pioneer community: grasses and ferns (because soil is already present)
Time needed to reach climax community: shorter (because seeds, roots and underground vegetative organs of plants are present in the soil)

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18
Q

Where does secondary succession take place?

A

Secondary succession(次生演替) take places in areas where organisms were present before but are now barren.

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19
Q

What is the pioneer community of secondary succession? Explain.

A

Grasses and ferns.

It is because soil is already present.

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20
Q

Why the time needed to reach climax community in secondary succession is shorter than that of primary succession?

A

It is because seeds, roots and underground vegetative organs of plants are present in the soil.

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21
Q

[T/F] Energy in most ecosystems ultimately comes from the sun.

A

T

22
Q

[T/F] Energy flows in an ecosystem in the form of physical energy in food from producers to consumers.

A

F

Energy flows in an ecosystem in the form of chemical energy in food from producers(生產者) to consumers(消費者).

23
Q

Producers are _________ that can make their own food; consumers are _________ that feed on other organisms.

A

autotrophs (自養生物); heterotrophs (異養生物)

24
Q

A ______ ______ shows the sequence of organisms in a particular feeding relationship. It also shows the directions of energy and material flow from one organism to another.

A

food chain (食物鏈)

25
Q

According to food chain, fill in the blanks.
Wolf [Role: _________ consumer; Trophic level: ______]
↑
Fox [Role: _________ consumer; Trophic level: ______]
↑
Rabbit [Role: _________ consumer; Trophic level: ______]
↑
Grass [Role: _________; Trophic level: ______]

A

Wolf [Role: tertiary consumer; Trophic level: fourth]
↑
Fox [Role: secondary consumer; Trophic level: third]
↑
Rabbit [Role: primary consumer; Trophic level: second]
↑
Grass [Role: prodecer; Trophic level: first]

26
Q

[T/F] A food chain shows all the possible feeding relationship among selected organisms in an ecosystem.

A

F
A food chain(食物鏈) shows the sequence of organisms in a particular feeding relationship.
A food web(食物網) shows all the possible feeding relationships among selected organisms in an ecosystem as most animals feed on more than one type of organism.

27
Q

Energy flows and losts along ______ ______ in an ecosystem.

A

trophic levels (營養級)

28
Q

A large proportion of energy is lost to the surroundings when it is transferred from one trophic level to another. Name two ways of energy lost in ecosystem.

A
  • uneaten materials
  • undigested and egested materials
  • excretory products
  • heat during respiration
29
Q

Why there is rarely a food chain consisting of more than five trophic levels?

A

With fewer trophic levels, less energy is lost.

In other words, a shorter food chain can support more consumers than a longer food chain.

30
Q

Decomposers are s_________. They secrete digestive enzymes outside their bodies to break down dead organic matter by decomposition.

A

saprophytes (腐生生物)

31
Q

Decomposers are important in material cycling:

  • ( Physical / Chemical ) energy stored in the dead organic matter is transferred to the decomposers.
  • ( Organic / Inorganic ) nutrients released from the breakdown of dead organic matter are absorbed by decomposers and plants for growth.
  • Decomposers carry out respiration to release ( carbon dioxide / oxygen ) back to the atmosphere.
A
  • {Chemical} energy stored in the dead organic matter is transferred to the decomposers.
  • {Inorganic} nutrients released from the breakdown of dead organic matter are absorbed by decomposers and plants for growth.
  • Decomposers carry out respiration to release {carbon dioxide} back to the atmosphere.
32
Q

[T/F] Pyramid of numbers is a bar diagram showing the total dry mass of organisms at all trophic levels in a given unit area at a particular point of time.

A

F
Pyramid of numbers is a bar diagram showing the number of organisms at each trophic level. Area of each bar is proportional to the number of organisms at that trophic level.

33
Q

Size of the bars ( increases / decreases ) up the trophic levels of the pyramid of numbers, while it may ( increases / decreases ) up in the case of an inverted pyramid.

A

Size of the bars {decreases} up the trophic levels of the pyramid of numbers, while it may {increase} up in the case of an inverted pyramid.

34
Q

Size of the bars of pyramid of numbers decreases up the trophic levels because:

  • ( less / more ) energy is available to organisms at higher trophic levels;
  • a predator is usually ( larger / smaller ) in size than its prey, and hence requires ( less / more ) energy to maintain its life.
A

Size of the bars of pyramid of numbers decreases up the trophic levels because:

  • {less} energy is available to organisms at higher trophic levels;
  • a predator is usually {larger} in size than its prey, and hence requires {more} energy to maintain its life.
35
Q

Pyramid of biomass is a bar diagram showing the total ______ ______ of organisms at all trophic levels in a given unit area at a particular point of time.

A

dry mass

36
Q

Explain the presence of an inverted pyramid of biomass.

A
  • In a pyramid of biomass, the lifespans of organisms are not considered.
  • Organisms at a lower trophic level may have a much higher reproduction rate and shorter lifespan (i.e. a higher turnover rate) than organisms at a higher trophic level.
37
Q

[T/F] The amount of energy stored in an organism is usually proportional to the amount of living material in its body.

A

T

38
Q

The energy flow to _________ is not considered in ecological pyramids.

A

decomposers

39
Q
  1. Carbon transfer between trophic levels and decomposers:
    - Carbon, in the form of _________ matter, is transferred from producers to consumers by _________
    - Organic matter in ______ ______ or ______ materials of organisms is used as food by decomposers
A
  • organic; feeding

- dead bodies; waste

40
Q
  1. Return of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere and oceans:
    - _________ of all organisms and ___________ by decomposers
    - Combustion of ______ ______
    - Reaction of carbonates in _________ with acids in water or when they are heated under high pressure during _________ _________
A
  • respiration; decomposition
  • fossil fuels
  • limestone (石灰石); volcanic eruption
41
Q
  1. Removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and oceans:

- Carbon dioxide are taken up by producers for ___________

A

photosynthesis

42
Q

Addition of nitrogen to the soil:

  • Decomposition by decomposers converts nitrogen in organic waste and dead bodies of producers and consumers to _________ _________
  • Nitrification (硝化) by nitrifying bacteria (硝化細菌) turns ammonium compounds into nitrites and then nitrates
  • Lightning (閃電) turns nitrogen in the atmosphere into nitrogen oxides, which is then dissolved in rainwater to form nitrates in the soil
  • Nitrogen fixation (固氮) by nitrogen fixing bacteria (固氮細菌) converts nitrogen in soil air to ammonium compounds
A
  • ammonium compounds
43
Q
  1. Addition of nitrogen to the soil:
    - Decomposition by decomposers converts nitrogen in organic waste and dead bodies of producers and consumers to _________ _________
    - _________ by _________ bacteria turns ammonium compounds into nitrites and then nitrates
    - _________ turns nitrogen in the atmosphere into nitrogen oxides, which is then dissolved in rainwater to form _________ in the soil
    - Nitrogen fixation (固氮) by nitrogen fixing bacteria (固氮細菌) converts nitrogen in soil air to _________ _________
A
  • ammonium compounds
  • Nitrification (硝化); nitrifying
  • Lightning (閃電); nitrates
  • ammonium compounds
44
Q
  1. Removal of nitrogen from the soil
    - _________ are taken up by producers
    - ____________ by denitrifying bacteria in poorly aerated soil changes nitrates in the soil into _________ ______
A
  • Nitrates

- Denitrification (反硝化); nitrogen gas

45
Q

What are the roles of producers in energy flow?

A

Capture light energy by photosynthesis and convert it to the chemical energy stored in organic compounds.

46
Q

What are the roles of consumers in energy flow?

A

Transfer chemical energy along the food chain in the form of food

47
Q

What are the roles of decomposers in energy flow?

A

Transfer chemical energy from the dead bodies and organic waste to the bodies of the decomposers, which may serve as food for consumers.

48
Q

[The roles of producers in material cycling (in carbon & nitrogen cycle):

  • Take in c______ and _________ in the form of ( organic / inorganic ) compounds from the physical environment and convert them to ( organic / inorganic ) compounds
  • Release carbon into the physical environment in the form of ______ _________ through ( photosynthesis / respiration / decomposition )
  • Release _________ compounds to the soil as their dead bodies are ___________ by decomposers; the ammonium compounds are converted to n______ and n______ by nitrification
A
  • Take in {carbon} and {nitrogen} in the form of {inorganic} compounds from the physical environment and convert them to {organic} compounds
  • Release carbon into the physical environment in the form of {carbon dioxide} through {respiration}
  • Release {ammonium} compounds to the soil as their dead bodies are {decomposed} by decomposers; the ammonium compounds are converted to {nitrites} and {nitrates} by nitrification
49
Q

The roles of consumers in material cycling (in carbon & nitrogen cycle):
- _________ carbon and nitrogen in the form of
( organic / inorganic ) matter along the food chain
- Release carbon into the physical environment in
the form of ______ _________ through ( photosynthesis / respiration / decomposition )

A
  • {Transfer} carbon and nitrogen in the form of {organic} matter along the food chain
  • Release carbon into the physical environment in
    the form of {carbon dioxide} through {respiration}
50
Q

The roles of decomposers in material cycling (in carbon & nitrogen cycle):

  • _________ carbon into the ( biotic / abiotic ) environment in the form of carbon dioxide through respiration
  • ______ ______ organic waste and the dead bodies of producers and consumers, thus returning _________ in the form of ( organic / inorganic ) compounds into the physical environment for _________ by plants
A
  • {Release} carbon into the {abiotic} environment in the form of carbon dioxide through respiration
  • {Break down} organic waste and the dead bodies of producers and consumers, thus returning {nitrogen} in the form of {inorganic} compounds into the physical environment for {absorption} by plants

Biology (9 decks)

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