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PSYCH 104 > Ch6 - Learning > Flashcards

Ch6 - Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

Define

Learning

A

An enduring or durable change in behaviour or mental processes due to experience.

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2
Q

What are other characteristics of learning?

A
  • Relatively permanent
  • causes a change in behaviour
  • Occurs because of interactions with environment
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3
Q

What are the different types of learning?

A
  • Event-alone learning
  • Event-event learning
  • Behaviour event learning
  • Social learning
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4
Q

Define

Innate

A

Something inborn or naturally occurring

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5
Q

Define

Reflex

A

Stimulus-response relationship which is either learned or innate. Behaviour happens automatically

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6
Q

What is habituation?

A

A process where we respond less strongly over time to repeated stimuli

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7
Q

True or False?

Learning habituation is the same thing is as sensory habituation

A

False!
* Learning habituation is a simple form of learning while sensory habituation is when information is still available if it becomes relevant

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8
Q

What is sensitization?

A

An increase in the strength of a response to a repeated stimulus.

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9
Q

What is Classical (Pavlovian) Conditioning?

A

A form of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to signal the occurrence of a second stimulus.

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10
Q

Define

Elicits

A

brings about

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11
Q

Define

Stimulus

A

Anything in the environment that we can detect, is measurable, and can evoke a response or behaviour

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12
Q

Define

Association

A

A relationship between two stimuli

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13
Q

Define

Acquisition

A

Time while an association is being learned

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14
Q

What is an unconditioned stimulus?

A

Biologically significant stimulus that already has a response to it such as food and pain.

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15
Q

What is an unconditioned response?

A

Response naturally associated with the unconditioned stimulus such as salivation or being startled.

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16
Q

What is a neutral stimulus ?

A

A stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response/

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17
Q

What is a conditioned stimulus?

A

A previously neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response

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18
Q

What is a conditioned response?

A

A learned response to an environmental stimulus.

19
Q

What are two ways that unconditioned stimulus can be classified as?

A
  • Appetitive: a stimulus that animals find pleasant
  • Aversive: a stimulus that animals find unpleasant
20
Q

What makes a good unconditioned stimulus?

A

Something that evokes a strong bodily response such as drugs, loud noise etc.

21
Q

What are the types of conditioned stimulus - unconditioned stimulus pairings?

A
  • Short-delayed conditioning
  • Long-delayed conditioning
  • Trace conditioning
  • Simultaneous conditioning
  • Backward conditioning
22
Q

CS - US pairings

Short-delayed conditioning

A

US starts just after the CS started (and CS is still on)

23
Q

CS - US pairings

Long-delayed conditioning

A

US starts after the CS has been on for a while (and CS is still on)

24
Q

CS - US pairings

Trace conditioning

A

CS begins and ends before US is presented

25
Q

CS - US pairings

Simultaneous conditioning

A

CS and US begin and end together

26
Q

CS - US pairings

Backward conditioning

A

US occurs before the CS

27
Q

What is preparedness?

A

species-specific predisposition to be conditioned some specific way usually do to evolutionary adaptations

28
Q

What is extinction ?

A

Process in which CS is presented in absence of US which causes CR to weaken and eventually disappear.

29
Q

What is spontaneous recovery?

A

When a seemingly extinct CR reappears if the CS is presented again. The CR is usually somehwat weaker.

30
Q

What is a conditioned excitor?

A

A CS that produces a CR

31
Q

What is a safety signal/conditioned inhibitor?

A

A CS that lets us know an US is not coming.

32
Q

What is stimulus generalization?

A

A process where once a CS has been established, similar stimuli may also produce a CR

33
Q

What is stimulus discrimination?

A

Process where we exhibit less pronounced CR to CS’s that differ from original CS

34
Q

What is Higher-order conditioning?

A

=conditioning procedure in which an already conditioned signal is paired with a neutral stimulus.

35
Q

What is a phobia?

A

Extreme and irrational fear directed towards people, objects, or situations.

36
Q

What is systemic desensitization?

A.K.A exposure therapy

A

A therapeutic technique based on Pavlovian conditioning to reduce fear response

37
Q

What is operant(instrumental) conditioning?

A

Learning that is controlled by the consequences of the organisms behavour

38
Q

Define

Antecedent

A

Something detectable in the environment that set the occasion to respond

39
Q

What is contingency?

A

If-then rule; if you do this (behaviour), then that will happen (consequence)

40
Q

What is an outcome that strengthens the probability of a response?

A

Reinforcement

41
Q

What is an outcome that weakens the probability of a response?

A

Punishment

42
Q

What is escape behaviour?

A

Performance of a behaviour terminates an aversive stimulus

43
Q

What is avoidance behaviour?

A

Performance of the behaviour prevents the aversive stimulus from occuring.

44
Q

What is learned helplessness?

A

Experiencing an aversive situation you can’t control prevents you from learning to control other aversive situations

PSYCH 104 (5 decks)

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