CH4 - Sensation and Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

What is SENSATION?

A

The stimulation of the sense organs

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2
Q

What is PERCEPTION?

A

The selection, organization, and interpretation of that sensory input.

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3
Q

What is TRANSDUCTION?

A

When sensations are turned into electrochemical transmissions.

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4
Q

What is PSYCHOPHYSICS?

A

The study of how physical stimuli are translated into psychological experience.

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5
Q

What is a STIMULUS?

A

Any detectable input from the environment.

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6
Q

What is ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD?

A

The minimum amount of stimulation that an organism can detect.

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7
Q

What is JND?

A

Just Noticeable Difference is the minimum level of difference required in order to be detected in a stimulus

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8
Q

What is the SIGNAL-DETECTION THEORY?

A

Detecting stimuli involves decision and sensory processes.

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9
Q

What is SUBLIMINAL PERCEPTION?

A

Registering sensory input but being consciously unaware.

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10
Q

What is SENSORY ADAPTION?

A

A gradual decline in sensitivity due to prolonged stimulation

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11
Q

What are the three major parts of the ear?

A
  • External: Pinna
    -Middle ear: Ossicles
    -Inner ear: The Cochlea
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12
Q

What is the pathway of sound?

A

->Sound waves vibrate bones of middle ear
->Hits against oval window of cochlea
->Causes movement of fluid
->Movement of basilar membrane stimulated hair cells
->Physical stimulation turned into neural impulses

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13
Q

What is the PLACE THEORY in relation to hearing?

A

The ability to perceive pitch corresponds to the vibration of different portions, or places, along the basilar membrane.

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14
Q

What is the FREQUENCY THEORY in relation to hearing?

A

The perception of pitch corresponds to the rate, or frequency the entire basilar membrane vibrates

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15
Q

What is AUDITORY LOCALIZATION?

A

Locating the source of a sound in a space.

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16
Q

What are the two major types of deafness?

A

-Conductive deafness
-Nerve deafness

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17
Q

What is the physical stimuli of smell?

A

Substances carried in the air called ODOURANTS

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18
Q

What is the pathway of smell?

A

Olfactory cilia -> neural impulse -> olfactory nerve -> olfactory bulb(brain)

19
Q

What is the physical stimuli of taste?

A

Soluble chemical substances

20
Q

What is the pathway of taste?

A

taste buds -> neural impulse -> thalamus -> cortex

21
Q

What is the physical stimuli of skin?

A

Mechanical, thermal and chemical energy that impact the skin

22
Q

What is the pathway of sensory systems in the skin?

A

sensory receptors -> the spinal column -> brainstem -> cross to opposite side of brain -> thalamus -> parietal lobe (somatosensory)

23
Q

What is the GATE-CONTROL THEORY?

A

Incoming pain sensations pass through a “gate” in the spinal cord that can be closed to block ascending pain signals

24
Q

What are ENDORPHINS?

A

The body’s own painkillers that is widely distributed in the CNS.

25
Q

What is the KINESTHETIC SYSTEM?

A

The system monitors the positions of the various parts of the body.

26
Q

What is the VESTIBULAR SYSTEM?

A

Responds to gravity and keeps you informed of your body’s location in space.
Critical to keep you orientated and balanced.

27
Q

Function of the RETINA?

A

absorbs light, processes images, and sends information to the brain

28
Q

What is the FOVEA?

A

A tiny spot int he center of the optic disc containing only cones.

29
Q

What is the OPTIC DISK?

A

The optic disk is where the optic nerve leaves the eye/blind spot.

30
Q

What are the receptor cells of the retina?

A

-Rods: responsible for black and white/low light vision
-Cones: responsible for colour and daylight vision

31
Q

What is the BLIND SPOT?

A

This is where the optic nerve leaves the eye.

32
Q

What is MYOPIA?

A

The inability to see distant objects clearly. Also called nearsightedness.

33
Q

Define REFRACTIVE myopia and AXIAL myopia.

A

REFRACTIVE MYOPIA is when the cornea or lens bends too much light.
AXIAL MYOPIA is when the eyeball is too long.

34
Q

What is HYPEROPIA?

A

The inability to see objects near you clearly. Also called farsightedness.

35
Q

What is ADDITIVE COLOUR MIXING?

A

Mixing colours by overlapping lights on top of one another.

36
Q

What is SUBTRACTIVE COLOUR MIXING?

A

Removing wavelengths of light, leaving less light than there was.

37
Q

Define the TRICHROMATIC THEORY

A

The human eye has three receptors with different sensitivities to different light wavelengths.

38
Q

Define the OPPONENT-PROCESS THEORY.

A

Each cone in the human eye is responsive to two wavelengths.

39
Q

What is the DUAL-PROCESS THEORY?

A

A combination of the trichromatic theory and opponent-process theory.

40
Q

What is DEPTH PERCEPTION?

A

How visual cues are interpreted that indicate how far or near objects are. They can be monocular or binocular.

41
Q

What are the different types of monocular depth cues?

A

-Occlusion
-Relative Height
-Relative size
-Perspective convergence
-Familiar Size
-Atmospheric perspective

42
Q

What is RETINAL DISPARITY?

A

The right and left eye see slightly different views.

43
Q

What are the GESTALT PRINCIPLES of form perception?

A

-Figure ground
-Principle of proximity
-Principle of Similarity
-Principle of Closure
-Principle of good continuation
-Principle of common fate

44
Q
A