CH6: Bioenergetics

Question 1

where is glycogen stored?

Answer 1

in the liver and muscle tissue

Question 2

what is ATP Hydrolysis?

Answer 2

the breakddown of ATP to release energy

Question 3

Lactate threshold

Answer 3

• the point at which lactate is no longer cleared and begins to enter the blood
• the point at which the CNS and muscle fibers begin to be affected by excess protons

Question 4

Lactic Acid Cycle

Answer 4

the pathway through which lactate transfers from muscle to liver to be converted to glucose then back to the muscle to be metabolized to lactate

Question 5

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 5

formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate

Question 6

What is aerobic metabolism?

Answer 6

formation of ATP in the presence of 02 from two pyruvate molecules yielded from glycolysis

Question 7

what are the benefits of lactate?

Answer 7

-serves as cotransporter of proton
-slows acidosis, acting as a buffer
-gets converted into glucose via the LACTIC ACID CYCLE (ie gluconeogensis)

Question 8

what is metabolic acidosis?

Answer 8

when ATP hydrolysis causes the muscle to accumulate more protons (H+) than it can remove

the goal is to minimize H+ accumulation in the muscle tissue IOT prevent decrease in physical performance

Question 9

when may glycolysis occur?

Answer 9

WITH oxygen (oxidative phosphorylation)
WITHOUT oxygen (anaerobic glycolysis)

Note: both produce more ATP than the phosphagen system

Question 10

how do fat and glucose affect acid buildup when used as primary fuel sources?

Answer 10

When fat is fuel source–>no acid building.
When glucose is the fuel source–>acid buildup

Question 11

the byproduct of glycolysis is what?

Answer 11

lactic acid

Question 12

when is lactate produced?

Answer 12

-when there’s a lack of 02 in mitochondria
-when intensity increase
-recruitment of type II fibers

Question 13

What is the phosphagen system composed of?

Answer 13

stored ATP + phosphocreatine–which is used to produce more ATP

Question 14

what happens when stored glucose runs low?

Answer 14

glucose in the bloodstream is forced into the muscle cells in process called glycolysis

Question 15

where does gluconeogensis mainly occur?

Answer 15

liver

Question 16

ADP–>ATP uses what enzyme?

Answer 16

ATP Synthase

Question 17

how long does it take to replenish PC?

Answer 17

15-25min, but really depends on athlete’s fitness level. More fit athlete can take in more 02 which expedites the replenishment.

Question 18

what are the short and long term effects of metabolic acidosis?

Answer 18

short term: impairs muscle power and energy production

long term: may help the cell recycle ADP faster

Question 19

Glycolysis

Answer 19

Starts ~7sec into an effort
Produces protons (H+)

Is the process of turning glucose into ATP (glyco=glucose, lysis=making of), and from that glucose come 2 pyruvate molecules which start the oxidative process since glycolysis only lasts 2-3min

Question 20

what amount of creatine supplementation has been found to be most effective?

Answer 20

3-5g

Question 21

what is metabolic acidosis?

Answer 21

when ATP hydrolysis causes the muscle to accumulate more protons (H+) than it can remove

Question 22

Note: the goal of endurance training is…

Answer 22

to develop the body’s ability to use stored fat as a primary fuel source. When fat is fuel source–>no acid building.
When glucose is the fuel source–>acid buildup

Question 23

ATP–>ADP uses what enzyme?

Answer 23

ATPase

Question 24

What is the law of conservation of energy

Answer 24

states energy can only be changed, not created or destroyed