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MICROBIO 4000 > ch6 > Flashcards

ch6 Flashcards

1
Q

phototrophs

A

use light as an energy source

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2
Q

chemotroph

A

use potential energy stored in chemical compounds as an energy source

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3
Q

lithotroph

A

chemotroph that uses inorganic chemical compounds for electrons

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4
Q

organotroph

A

uses organic chemical compounds for electrons

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5
Q

heterotroph

A

obtains Carbon from other organisms

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6
Q

autotroph

A

makes C starting with CO2 and using carbon fixation, produces glucose

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7
Q

photophosphorylationn

A

uses electron transport chain, PMF, chemiosmosis, ATP synthase to generate ATP energy (2 pathways)

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8
Q

oxygenic

A

uses H2O to produce O2

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9
Q

anoxygenic

A

uses something other than H2O, no release of O2

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10
Q

mixotroph

A

photoheterotroph, lithohereotroph, can also use small organic carbon sources

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11
Q

essential nutrients

A

compounds a bacteria itself cant make but must gather from the environment to grow and divide

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12
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

nitrogen fixers remove nitrogren from air and convert it to ammonia

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13
Q

nitrification

A

nitrogen fixers convert ammonia into nitrate

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14
Q

denitrification

A

denitrifiers convert nitrate to nitrogen gas

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15
Q

nitrogen cycle

A

cycle of N2 gas being fixed, nitrified, and denitrifed back into N2 gas

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16
Q

obligate anaerobe

A

needs no oxygen to survive, has no enzymes to protect against oxygen radicals

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17
Q

obligate aerobe

A

needs oxygen to survive, contains SOD and catalase

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18
Q

microaerophile

A

needs a low amount of oxygen to survive, low amounts of SOD and catalasef

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19
Q

facaultative anaerobe

A

grows best with oxygen, but can grow without it. contains SOD and catalase

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20
Q

aerotolerant anaerobe

A

tolerates oxygen and grows throughout, has SOD but not catalase

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21
Q

chemically defined media

A

minimilistic media, all chemical compounds are known

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22
Q

complex media

A

has other extract on media for fascidious bacteria growth

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23
Q

photosystem II

A

photolysis of water with absorbed energy from light that produces hydrogen and electrons. the electrons produced enter the ETC and pump the protons to produce ~3 ATP

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24
Q

photosystem I

A

electrons from ETC enter PSI and get excited by light, enter a second ETC. 2 NADPH produced

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25
Q

Algae and cyanobacteria

A

have 2 photosystems, oxygenic, chlorophylls, thylakoid members

26
Q

purple and green bacteria

A

anoxygenic, only one photosystem, bacteriochlorophylls, chromatophores + chlorosomes

27
Q

ROS (reactive oxygen species)

A

oxygen byproducts are toxic and can damage cells; usually radicals

28
Q

psychrophile

A

optimal growth below 15 C

29
Q

mesophile

A

optimal growth between 15-40 C, human pathogens

30
Q

thermophile

A

optimal growth 50-80 C

31
Q

hyperthermophile

A

optimal growth above 80 C

32
Q

barophiles

A

require evelated pressure to grow

33
Q

acidophiles

A

prefer acidic environments, low pH

34
Q

neutrophiles

A

prefer neutral pHs

35
Q

alkaliphiles

A

prefers basic, high pH

36
Q

halophiles

A

prefers high salt environments

37
Q

plasmolysis

A

contractions of the photoplast of a plant cell as a result of loss of water

38
Q

adaptations for temperatures:

A

protiens are bound tightly to prevent denaturing (high temps) or protiens are very flexible (low temps) and require less heat to function

39
Q

adaptations for pressure:

A

adapted membranes and aa sequences in proteins

40
Q

adapations for pH

A

different lipid membrane profiles, maintain a neutral pH by pumping protons in or out of the cell, special enzymes change pH around the microbe

41
Q

adaptations for high salt

A

additional pumps maintain osmotic balance and avoid plasmolysis

42
Q

binary fission

A

parent divies into two daughter cells

43
Q

bacterial growth (exponential growth)

A

measured by increasing number of cells 1 to 2, 2 to 4, 4 to 8

44
Q

generational (doubling) time

A

time taken to complete one round of division (population doubles)

45
Q

primary metabolites

A

produced during active growth and metabolism

46
Q

secondary metabolites

A

not essential for rapid growth, often made for defense or survival

47
Q

continous culture

A

used to sustain a population of bacteria at a specified growth rate and cell density, new medium constantly added to old medium, prolongs log phase

48
Q

lag phase

A

when the bacteria cells transfer to a new environment and have to adjust, no growth

49
Q

log phase

A

exponential growth of bacterial cells

50
Q

stationary

A

cell growth = cell death. cells ran out of nutrients or space

51
Q

death

A

cells die exponentially

52
Q

microscope count

A

a direct way of counting colonies using a special microscope slide (Petroff Hausser counting chamber)

53
Q

cell-counting instruments

A

using equpiment (FACs)

54
Q

measuring biomass

A

using optical density (degree to which liquid medium becomes cloudy), turbidity, or dry weight, indirect counting

55
Q

plate counts

A

count colony forming units on petri dishes

56
Q

serial dilution and filtration

A

two indirect plate ounts

57
Q

biofilm

A

a mass of bacteria that stick to and multiply on a surface

58
Q

endospore

A

differentiated cell produced via sporulation that is very resistant to heat, chemicals, radiation, etc.

59
Q

germination

A

process where endospore returns to normal vegetative growth

60
Q

who discovered endospores?

A

tyndall and cohn

61
Q

mitosis

A

how eukaryotic cells divide

MICROBIO 4000 (5 decks)

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