ch6

Question 1

phototrophs

Answer 1

use light as an energy source

Question 2

chemotroph

Answer 2

use potential energy stored in chemical compounds as an energy source

Question 3

lithotroph

Answer 3

chemotroph that uses inorganic chemical compounds for electrons

Question 4

organotroph

Answer 4

uses organic chemical compounds for electrons

Question 5

heterotroph

Answer 5

obtains Carbon from other organisms

Question 6

autotroph

Answer 6

makes C starting with CO2 and using carbon fixation, produces glucose

Question 7

photophosphorylationn

Answer 7

uses electron transport chain, PMF, chemiosmosis, ATP synthase to generate ATP energy (2 pathways)

Question 8

oxygenic

Answer 8

uses H2O to produce O2

Question 9

anoxygenic

Answer 9

uses something other than H2O, no release of O2

Question 10

mixotroph

Answer 10

photoheterotroph, lithohereotroph, can also use small organic carbon sources

Question 11

essential nutrients

Answer 11

compounds a bacteria itself cant make but must gather from the environment to grow and divide

Question 12

nitrogen fixation

Answer 12

nitrogen fixers remove nitrogren from air and convert it to ammonia

Question 13

nitrification

Answer 13

nitrogen fixers convert ammonia into nitrate

Question 14

denitrification

Answer 14

denitrifiers convert nitrate to nitrogen gas

Question 15

nitrogen cycle

Answer 15

cycle of N2 gas being fixed, nitrified, and denitrifed back into N2 gas

Question 16

obligate anaerobe

Answer 16

needs no oxygen to survive, has no enzymes to protect against oxygen radicals

Question 17

obligate aerobe

Answer 17

needs oxygen to survive, contains SOD and catalase

Question 18

microaerophile

Answer 18

needs a low amount of oxygen to survive, low amounts of SOD and catalasef

Question 19

facaultative anaerobe

Answer 19

grows best with oxygen, but can grow without it. contains SOD and catalase

Question 20

aerotolerant anaerobe

Answer 20

tolerates oxygen and grows throughout, has SOD but not catalase

Question 21

chemically defined media

Answer 21

minimilistic media, all chemical compounds are known

Question 22

complex media

Answer 22

has other extract on media for fascidious bacteria growth

Question 23

photosystem II

Answer 23

photolysis of water with absorbed energy from light that produces hydrogen and electrons. the electrons produced enter the ETC and pump the protons to produce ~3 ATP

Question 24

photosystem I

Answer 24

electrons from ETC enter PSI and get excited by light, enter a second ETC. 2 NADPH produced

Question 25

Algae and cyanobacteria

Answer 25

have 2 photosystems, oxygenic, chlorophylls, thylakoid members

Question 26

purple and green bacteria

Answer 26

anoxygenic, only one photosystem, bacteriochlorophylls, chromatophores + chlorosomes

Question 27

ROS (reactive oxygen species)

Answer 27

oxygen byproducts are toxic and can damage cells; usually radicals

Question 28

psychrophile

Answer 28

optimal growth below 15 C

Question 29

mesophile

Answer 29

optimal growth between 15-40 C, human pathogens

Question 30

thermophile

Answer 30

optimal growth 50-80 C

Question 31

hyperthermophile

Answer 31

optimal growth above 80 C

Question 32

barophiles

Answer 32

require evelated pressure to grow

Question 33

acidophiles

Answer 33

prefer acidic environments, low pH

Question 34

neutrophiles

Answer 34

prefer neutral pHs

Question 35

alkaliphiles

Answer 35

prefers basic, high pH

Question 36

halophiles

Answer 36

prefers high salt environments

Question 37

plasmolysis

Answer 37

contractions of the photoplast of a plant cell as a result of loss of water

Question 38

adaptations for temperatures:

Answer 38

protiens are bound tightly to prevent denaturing (high temps) or protiens are very flexible (low temps) and require less heat to function

Question 39

adaptations for pressure:

Answer 39

adapted membranes and aa sequences in proteins

Question 40

adapations for pH

Answer 40

different lipid membrane profiles, maintain a neutral pH by pumping protons in or out of the cell, special enzymes change pH around the microbe

Question 41

adaptations for high salt

Answer 41

additional pumps maintain osmotic balance and avoid plasmolysis

Question 42

binary fission

Answer 42

parent divies into two daughter cells

Question 43

bacterial growth (exponential growth)

Answer 43

measured by increasing number of cells 1 to 2, 2 to 4, 4 to 8

Question 44

generational (doubling) time

Answer 44

time taken to complete one round of division (population doubles)

Question 45

primary metabolites

Answer 45

produced during active growth and metabolism

Question 46

secondary metabolites

Answer 46

not essential for rapid growth, often made for defense or survival

Question 47

continous culture

Answer 47

used to sustain a population of bacteria at a specified growth rate and cell density, new medium constantly added to old medium, prolongs log phase

Question 48

lag phase

Answer 48

when the bacteria cells transfer to a new environment and have to adjust, no growth

Question 49

log phase

Answer 49

exponential growth of bacterial cells

Question 50

stationary

Answer 50

cell growth = cell death. cells ran out of nutrients or space

Question 51

death

Answer 51

cells die exponentially

Question 52

microscope count

Answer 52

a direct way of counting colonies using a special microscope slide (Petroff Hausser counting chamber)

Question 53

cell-counting instruments

Answer 53

using equpiment (FACs)

Question 54

measuring biomass

Answer 54

using optical density (degree to which liquid medium becomes cloudy), turbidity, or dry weight, indirect counting

Question 55

plate counts

Answer 55

count colony forming units on petri dishes

Question 56

serial dilution and filtration

Answer 56

two indirect plate ounts

Question 57

biofilm

Answer 57

a mass of bacteria that stick to and multiply on a surface

Question 58

endospore

Answer 58

differentiated cell produced via sporulation that is very resistant to heat, chemicals, radiation, etc.

Question 59

germination

Answer 59

process where endospore returns to normal vegetative growth

Question 60

who discovered endospores?

Answer 60

tyndall and cohn

Question 61

mitosis

Answer 61

how eukaryotic cells divide