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MICROBIO 4000 > CH 5 > Flashcards

CH 5 Flashcards

1
Q

prokaryotes

A

small cell
DNA exists in nucleoid in cytoplasm
typically one circular chromosome

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2
Q

eukaryotes

A

range of sizes
membrane-bound nucleus contains DNA
linear chromosomes in nucleus
much more extensive intracellular membrane systems

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3
Q

complex envelope

A

consists of: cell membrane, cell wall, outer membrane (gram-negative), outer layers

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4
Q

cytoplasm

A

gel-like network of proeins + macromolecules

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5
Q

nucleoid region

A

system of looped DNA coils, contains one circular chromosome, DNA binding proteins

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6
Q

endosymbiosis theory - Lynn Margilus

A

theory that the orgin of eukaryotic cells was from larger cells engulfing smaller bacterial cells and becoming symbiotic

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7
Q

Evidence of the endosymbiotic theory

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts contain parts of the bacteria, parts of eukaryotes

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8
Q

how are mitochondria and chloroplasts like bacteria?

A

they have double membranes, resemble bacteria in size and shape, have circular genomes, ribsomes like prokaryotes, can divide independent of the cell

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9
Q

bacilli

A

rods

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10
Q

spirochetes

A

long corkscrew, longer flexible, axial filament

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11
Q

cocci

A

spheres

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12
Q

vibrio

A

commas

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13
Q

spirilla

A

short spirals or helical, shorter, rigid, external flagella

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14
Q

arrangements are often made based on

A

the plane of cell division

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15
Q

strepto…

A

chains

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16
Q

diplo…

A

pairs

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17
Q

tetrads

A

four pairs in a clover shape

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18
Q

sarcinae

A

double four leafed clover

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19
Q

staphylo…

A

clusters

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20
Q

what structure defines the existence of a cell?

A

cell membrane

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21
Q

cell membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer

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22
Q

cell wall

A

consists of peptidoglycan sugar chains linked covalently by peptides/amino acids

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23
Q

outer membrane

A

exists in Gram Neg cells outside of cell wall consisting of phospholipids + LPS

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24
Q

cell membrane protein functions

A

structural support for external structures (flagella, pili)
detect environmental signals
export toxins (cell-signaling)
selective transport of substances
energy storage and transfer

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25
Q

what molecules can easily cross the lipid bilayer?

A

hydrophobic molecules, small, uncharged polar molecules

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26
Q

what molecules are impermeable?

A

large, uncharged polar molecules: glucose, sucrose
ions

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27
Q

passive transport

A

moves nutrients with concentration gradient (high to low)
net movement until equilibrium is reached

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28
Q

types of passive transport

A

simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion

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29
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

rate of transport increased by a membrane protein that carries compound

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30
Q

simple diffisuion

A

across the phospholipids

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31
Q

active transport

A

moves against concentration gradient (low to high)
requires ENERGY

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32
Q

types of active transport

A

using a carrier molecule or potential across a membrane

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33
Q

carrier molecule

A

uses ATP (primary transport), High Energy Metabolite (Group translocation)

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34
Q

potential across a membrane

A

graident of another molecule -> coupled transport

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35
Q

how does coupled transport work?

A

when a molecule moves high to low, energy is released. transport proteins harness this energy to drive another molecule low to high

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36
Q

symport

A

molecules travel the same direction in coupled transport

37
Q

antiport

A

molecules travel opposite direction in couple transport

38
Q

siderophore

A

iron-binding molecule, helper molecule for scavenging scarce minerals

39
Q

efflux

A

expel wastes/toxins (antibiotics)

40
Q

group translocation

A

uses energy from a high energy organic compound in the cell (not ATP); transported molecule is chemically modified

41
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

42
Q

isotonic

A

water molecules diffuse in and out of the cell at the same rate

43
Q

hypertonic

A

water moves outside of cell and volume shrinks as plasmolysis (net loss)

44
Q

hypotonic

A

net gain of water in the cell, volume expands as lysis

45
Q

exocytosis

A

vessicle fusion forms opening to release vesicle contents outside of cell

46
Q

how does the eukaryotic cell secrete proteins?

A

exocytosis and endocytosis

47
Q

endocytosis

A

food particles is taken in by endosomes and lysosomes and digested

48
Q

bacterial cell wall

A

helps withstand intracellular osmotic pressure
makes cell rigid
target of penicillian
peptidoglycan, glycan chains and short peptides

49
Q

beta-lactams

A

inhibit formation of the peptides chains (enzyme inhibitor) eg. penicillin

50
Q

lysozyme

A

human enzyme that breaks down the glycan chain

51
Q

gram staining

A

gram positive are purple
gram negative are pink

52
Q

gram positive

A

thick cell wall with many layers
teichoic acids with a negative charge. aid with cell division, cell morphology
lipoteichoic acids - attach to cell membrane

53
Q

gram-negative

A

thin cell wall with one or two peptidoglycan layers
lipoproteins attach to outer membrane
has an outer membrane with porin proteins and LPS

54
Q

lipid A

A

anchored in outer membrane of envelope
endotoxin

55
Q

endotoxin

A

lipid A that is a cell component that once pathogen is lysed, causes endotoxic shock

56
Q

core polysaccharide

A

sugar chain extending outside the cell

57
Q

o polysaccharide

A

polysaccharide chain of sugars - identification

58
Q

mycoplasma

A

LACK a cell wall
only have a cell membrane
small
pleomorphic
close relative of gram -
stain gram -
stronger cell membrane that contains sterols
many are pathogens

59
Q

archaea cell wall

A

diversity of cell wall structures
S-layers sheets
pseudomurein
some dont have any cell walls
gram staining is not reliable

60
Q

eukaryotic cell walls

A

alge has cellulose or pectins
fungi has chitin

61
Q

bacterial DNA

A

double-stranded helix
supercoiled
organized by DNA binding proteins

62
Q

nucleoid region

A

location of bacterial DNA
organized into loops called domains

63
Q

ribosomes

A

make proteins from mRNA

64
Q

prokaryotic

A

odd numbers, smaller
70s = 50s + 30s

65
Q

eukaryotic

A

even numbers, larger
80s = 60s + 40s

66
Q

adherence

A

ability to attach to a subtrate/surface

67
Q

pili

A

used for adherence

68
Q

conjugation (sex) pilus

A

transfers DNA between cells, sticks a tube that connects the cytoplasm of two cells and allow for the transfer of genetic material

69
Q

stalks

A

membrane enclosed extensions of cytoplasm
secrete adhesion factors (holdfasts)

70
Q

flagella

A

used in most prokaytoic motility
spin like a propeller (rotary)
powered by proton motive force

71
Q

photo and chemotaxis

A

toward/away from light
toward/away from chemicals

72
Q

PMF

A

stores energy generated by moving protons outside the cell
powers rotary flagella
move nutrients into cell
drives synthesis of ATP

73
Q

polar motility

A

on the poles

74
Q

peritrichous

A

all over

75
Q

eukaryotic flagella

A

made up of microtubules (extensions of the cytoskeleton)
whip like motion
energy source is ATP
usually has few long flagella or many cilia

76
Q

S layer

A

protein lattice outside the peptidoglycan in some bacteria, helps strengthen cell wall

77
Q

glycocalyx

A

“sugar shell” made mostly of polysaccharides

78
Q

bacterial structures made of glycocalyx layers

A

capsule
slime layer

79
Q

functions of glycocalyx

A

attachment, proteins, nutrients/prevent nutrient loss

80
Q

chromosome

A

essential genes, most often circular, 1 per cell

81
Q

plasmids

A

non-essential genes, muc smaller, replicate indepentently from chromosome, often transferred to other cells

82
Q

what is horizontal gene transfer?

A

transferring of plasmids to anoter cell

83
Q

chromatin

A

complexes or DNA and proteins in a membrane bound nucelus

84
Q

the nucelus has?

A

two membranes: nuclear envelope
nuclear pore complexes: transport

85
Q

how do bacteria move in response to stimuli?

A

flagella rotate CCW towards attractant; CW rotation stops forward motion, cell randomly changes direction until it detects attractant again

86
Q

gas vesicles

A

aquatic bacteria inflate/deflate for buoyancy

87
Q

storage granules

A

storage of nutrients

88
Q

mangetosomes

A

store magnetite (iron oxides) for magnetetaxis (senese Earth’s geomagnetic field)

89
Q

inclusions

A

aggregates in the cytoplasm, often proteins

MICROBIO 4000 (5 decks)

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