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MICROBIO 4000 > CH 5 > Flashcards

CH 5 Flashcards

1
Q

prokaryotes

A

small cell
DNA exists in nucleoid in cytoplasm
typically one circular chromosome

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2
Q

eukaryotes

A

range of sizes
membrane-bound nucleus contains DNA
linear chromosomes in nucleus
much more extensive intracellular membrane systems

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3
Q

complex envelope

A

consists of: cell membrane, cell wall, outer membrane (gram-negative), outer layers

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4
Q

cytoplasm

A

gel-like network of proeins + macromolecules

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5
Q

nucleoid region

A

system of looped DNA coils, contains one circular chromosome, DNA binding proteins

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6
Q

endosymbiosis theory - Lynn Margilus

A

theory that the orgin of eukaryotic cells was from larger cells engulfing smaller bacterial cells and becoming symbiotic

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7
Q

Evidence of the endosymbiotic theory

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts contain parts of the bacteria, parts of eukaryotes

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8
Q

how are mitochondria and chloroplasts like bacteria?

A

they have double membranes, resemble bacteria in size and shape, have circular genomes, ribsomes like prokaryotes, can divide independent of the cell

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9
Q

bacilli

A

rods

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10
Q

spirochetes

A

long corkscrew, longer flexible, axial filament

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11
Q

cocci

A

spheres

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12
Q

vibrio

A

commas

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13
Q

spirilla

A

short spirals or helical, shorter, rigid, external flagella

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14
Q

arrangements are often made based on

A

the plane of cell division

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15
Q

strepto…

A

chains

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16
Q

diplo…

A

pairs

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17
Q

tetrads

A

four pairs in a clover shape

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18
Q

sarcinae

A

double four leafed clover

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19
Q

staphylo…

A

clusters

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20
Q

what structure defines the existence of a cell?

A

cell membrane

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21
Q

cell membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer

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22
Q

cell wall

A

consists of peptidoglycan sugar chains linked covalently by peptides/amino acids

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23
Q

outer membrane

A

exists in Gram Neg cells outside of cell wall consisting of phospholipids + LPS

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24
Q

cell membrane protein functions

A

structural support for external structures (flagella, pili)
detect environmental signals
export toxins (cell-signaling)
selective transport of substances
energy storage and transfer

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25
what molecules can easily cross the lipid bilayer?
hydrophobic molecules, small, uncharged polar molecules
26
what molecules are impermeable?
large, uncharged polar molecules: glucose, sucrose ions
27
passive transport
moves nutrients with concentration gradient (high to low) net movement until equilibrium is reached
28
types of passive transport
simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion
29
facilitated diffusion
rate of transport increased by a membrane protein that carries compound
30
simple diffisuion
across the phospholipids
31
active transport
moves against concentration gradient (low to high) requires ENERGY
32
types of active transport
using a carrier molecule or potential across a membrane
33
carrier molecule
uses ATP (primary transport), High Energy Metabolite (Group translocation)
34
potential across a membrane
graident of another molecule -> coupled transport
35
how does coupled transport work?
when a molecule moves high to low, energy is released. transport proteins harness this energy to drive another molecule low to high
36
symport
molecules travel the same direction in coupled transport
37
antiport
molecules travel opposite direction in couple transport
38
siderophore
iron-binding molecule, helper molecule for scavenging scarce minerals
39
efflux
expel wastes/toxins (antibiotics)
40
group translocation
uses energy from a high energy organic compound in the cell (not ATP); transported molecule is chemically modified
41
osmosis
diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
42
isotonic
water molecules diffuse in and out of the cell at the same rate
43
hypertonic
water moves outside of cell and volume shrinks as plasmolysis (net loss)
44
hypotonic
net gain of water in the cell, volume expands as lysis
45
exocytosis
vessicle fusion forms opening to release vesicle contents outside of cell
46
how does the eukaryotic cell secrete proteins?
exocytosis and endocytosis
47
endocytosis
food particles is taken in by endosomes and lysosomes and digested
48
bacterial cell wall
helps withstand intracellular osmotic pressure makes cell rigid target of penicillian peptidoglycan, glycan chains and short peptides
49
beta-lactams
inhibit formation of the peptides chains (enzyme inhibitor) eg. penicillin
50
lysozyme
human enzyme that breaks down the glycan chain
51
gram staining
gram positive are purple gram negative are pink
52
gram positive
thick cell wall with many layers teichoic acids with a negative charge. aid with cell division, cell morphology lipoteichoic acids - attach to cell membrane
53
gram-negative
thin cell wall with one or two peptidoglycan layers lipoproteins attach to outer membrane has an outer membrane with porin proteins and LPS
54
lipid A
anchored in outer membrane of envelope endotoxin
55
endotoxin
lipid A that is a cell component that once pathogen is lysed, causes endotoxic shock
56
core polysaccharide
sugar chain extending outside the cell
57
o polysaccharide
polysaccharide chain of sugars - identification
58
mycoplasma
LACK a cell wall only have a cell membrane small pleomorphic close relative of gram - stain gram - stronger cell membrane that contains sterols many are pathogens
59
archaea cell wall
diversity of cell wall structures S-layers sheets pseudomurein some dont have any cell walls gram staining is not reliable
60
eukaryotic cell walls
alge has cellulose or pectins fungi has chitin
61
bacterial DNA
double-stranded helix supercoiled organized by DNA binding proteins
62
nucleoid region
location of bacterial DNA organized into loops called domains
63
ribosomes
make proteins from mRNA
64
prokaryotic
odd numbers, smaller 70s = 50s + 30s
65
eukaryotic
even numbers, larger 80s = 60s + 40s
66
adherence
ability to attach to a subtrate/surface
67
pili
used for adherence
68
conjugation (sex) pilus
transfers DNA between cells, sticks a tube that connects the cytoplasm of two cells and allow for the transfer of genetic material
69
stalks
membrane enclosed extensions of cytoplasm secrete adhesion factors (holdfasts)
70
flagella
used in most prokaytoic motility spin like a propeller (rotary) powered by proton motive force
71
photo and chemotaxis
toward/away from light toward/away from chemicals
72
PMF
stores energy generated by moving protons outside the cell powers rotary flagella move nutrients into cell drives synthesis of ATP
73
polar motility
on the poles
74
peritrichous
all over
75
eukaryotic flagella
made up of microtubules (extensions of the cytoskeleton) whip like motion energy source is ATP usually has few long flagella or many cilia
76
S layer
protein lattice outside the peptidoglycan in some bacteria, helps strengthen cell wall
77
glycocalyx
"sugar shell" made mostly of polysaccharides
78
bacterial structures made of glycocalyx layers
capsule slime layer
79
functions of glycocalyx
attachment, proteins, nutrients/prevent nutrient loss
80
chromosome
essential genes, most often circular, 1 per cell
81
plasmids
non-essential genes, muc smaller, replicate indepentently from chromosome, often transferred to other cells
82
what is horizontal gene transfer?
transferring of plasmids to anoter cell
83
chromatin
complexes or DNA and proteins in a membrane bound nucelus
84
the nucelus has?
two membranes: nuclear envelope nuclear pore complexes: transport
85
how do bacteria move in response to stimuli?
flagella rotate CCW towards attractant; CW rotation stops forward motion, cell randomly changes direction until it detects attractant again
86
gas vesicles
aquatic bacteria inflate/deflate for buoyancy
87
storage granules
storage of nutrients
88
mangetosomes
store magnetite (iron oxides) for magnetetaxis (senese Earth's geomagnetic field)
89
inclusions
aggregates in the cytoplasm, often proteins

MICROBIO 4000 (5 decks)

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