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MICROBIO 4000 > CH 1 > Flashcards

CH 1 Flashcards

1
Q

pathogen

A

agent of disease; among professionals, pathogens typically are limited to bacteria, viruses, and fungi

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2
Q

microbe

A

living organism that requires a microscope to be seen

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3
Q

cell

A

smallest unit of life

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4
Q

genome

A

complete genetic content of an organism

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5
Q

prokaryote

A

an organism whose cells lack a nucleus. bacteria, archaea

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6
Q

eukaryotes

A

cells with a nucleus. fungi, protozoa, algae

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7
Q

extremophiles

A

live in seemingly hostile environments

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8
Q

most extremophiles are part of what group?

A

archaea

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9
Q

do archaea cause disease?

A

none have been found to cause disease. (no pathogenesis)

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10
Q

motile

A

able to move

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11
Q

heterotrophs

A

consumes organic food

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12
Q

protists

A

algae and protozoa

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13
Q

fungi

A

heterotrophic organisms, usually nonmotile and grow by absorbing nutrients from their surroundings.
has cell walls

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14
Q

yeast

A

single celled fungi

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15
Q

bread mold

A

multi celled fungi

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16
Q

mushrooms

A

complex fungi structure

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17
Q

helminths

A

eukaryotic microbial pathogens. are parasites, live at the expense of a host they inhabit, debilitating the host. multicellular

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18
Q

viruses

A

non-cellular microbes. contains genetic material that takes over the metabolism of a cell to generate more virus particles.
may be enclosed in a lipid envelope

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19
Q

species

A

a type of organism classified according to a shared set of genes and traits

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20
Q

strains

A

genetic variants of a species

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21
Q

viroids

A

infectious RNA (no proteins)

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22
Q

prions

A

infectious proteins (no RNA or DNA)

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23
Q

protozoa

A

eukaryotic single celled microbe, typically consume organics (some use photosynthesis), NO cells walls, often motile
some are pathogens

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24
Q

algae

A

photosynthetic eukaryotes, cell walls, some are motile, both uni and multi cellular.
not pathogenic, but can produce toxins in the environment

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25
Q

bacteria

A

singe-celled(mostly) prokaryotic microbe, cells walls made of peptidoglycan, motile, organic/inorganic food, some use photosynthesis, some are pathogens, some are extremophiles

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26
Q

archaea

A

single celled prokaryote, has cell walls, some are motile, organic/inorganic compounds for food

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27
Q

microbiology

A

the study of microscopic organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, archaea, fungi and potozoa

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28
Q

3 different kinds of microbes

A

bacteria, archaea, eukarya (protozoa, algae, fungi)

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29
Q

species

A

type of organism classified according to a shared set of genes and traits

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30
Q

strains

A

genetic variants of a speices (ex. Escherichia coli K12 Escherichia coli O157:H7)

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31
Q

Bacteria traits

A

single-celled
cell walls made of peptidoglycan
some are motile (flagella/pili)
use organic/inorganic compounds for food, some use photosynthesis
some are pathogens
some are extremophiles

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32
Q

archaea

A

single-celled
similar to bacteria in size and shape
cell walls
some are motile (flagella)
use organic/inorganic compounds for fod
many extremophiles
none known to cause disease

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33
Q

protozoa

A

usually single-celled
most aborb/ingest organics, a few photosnythesize
NO CELL WALLS
often motile (flagella, cilia, psuedopods)
many are free-living or some are parasitic and pathogenic

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34
Q

algae

A

PHOTOSYNTHETIC
cell walls
some are motile (flagella)
found in freshwater, saltwater, and soil
UNIcellular AND MULTIcelluar
can produce toxins in the environment (NOT pathogenic)

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35
Q

Fungi

A

cell walls
uptake organic compounds
unicellular (MOLDS) and multicellular (MUSHROOMS)
USUALLY NON-MOTILE
some are pathogens

36
Q

mycology

A

study of fungi

37
Q

helminth

A

MULTIcellular/macroscopic
flatworms and roundworms
human pathogens/parasites
microscopic during some early stages in their life cycle

38
Q

viruses

A

DNA or RNA genome
protein capsid
may be encloped in a lipid envelope
inert outside living host

39
Q

virology

A

study of viruses

40
Q

viroids

A

infectious RNAs (no proteins)

41
Q

prions

A

infectious proteins (no RNA/DNA)

42
Q

10,000 BCE

A

Food/drink were known to ferment to produce alcohols/vingear

43
Q

1500 BCE

A

evidence of microbial diseases in human mummies and art such as polio, smallpox, leprosy

44
Q

1000 CE

A

rudimentary smallpox immunizations

45
Q

1025 CE

A

diseases understood to be contagious, dont know why

46
Q

1300-1400 CE

A

bubonic plague

47
Q

Robert Hooke

A

developed first compound microscope and observed biological materials he called “cells”. published his findings in MICROGRAPHIA (1665)

48
Q

Did robert hooke actually see cells?

A

No, his microscope was not strong enough to observe single-celled organisms

49
Q

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

A

first individual to observe single-celled microbes using single lens magnifier.
“father of microbiology”
noted disappearance of microbes from his teeth after drinking a hot bev - suggested that heat kills microbes

50
Q

spontaneous generation

A

the idea that microbes arise spontaneously

51
Q

Lazzaro Spallanzani

A

YEAR 1765
steralized sealed flask of meat = no bacterial growth
observed microbes in pairs - observed a single microbe split in two - cell fission
discovered biogenesis

52
Q

biogenesis

A

the idea that living material only arises from other living material

53
Q

did Spallanzani disprove spontaneous generation for the masses?

A

No, many argued that oxygen was required for spontaneous generation to take place, and the meat did not grow microbes because it was sealed.

54
Q

Louis Pasteur (Mid 1800s)

A

designed a new flash that allowed air but caught dust and microbes in the S curve. concluded spon. gen. doesn’t exist and that microbes contaminate

55
Q

John Tyndall (mid-late 1800s)

A

performed same experiment as Pasteur but sometimes found growth due to the organic matter being contaminated with endospores

56
Q

endospores

A

heat resistant form of bacteria

57
Q

can endospores be killed?

A

yes, by using high heat and pressure (autoclave)

58
Q

the golden age of microbiology

A

mid-1800s-1910s

59
Q

Three keys in the Golden Age of Microbiology

A

1) early techniques for classifying and identifying microbes
2) relationship between microbes and disease discovered
3) microbes found to be metabolically diverse

60
Q

Germ Theory of Disease (1800s)

A

specific diseases are causesd by specific microbes

61
Q

Miasma “bad air” theory

A

competing theory to germ theory of disease that air was bad

62
Q

Florence Nightingale

A

first to use medical statistics to demonstrate the significance of mortality due to disease

63
Q

Ignaz Semmelweis

A

Observed infections in women after birth
Hypothesized that doctors in his hospital were transmitting pathogens
Made them wash their hands in antiseptics

64
Q

Jon Snow

A

Collecting information can describe the spread of disease (?)

65
Q

Robert Koch

A

discovered “Chain of infection” of transmission of a disease

66
Q

Koch’s postulates

A

specific method or criteria used to determine if a specific organism causes a specific disease

67
Q

techniques for iolsating bacteria

A

pure cultures grown from a single colony of baceteria
gram-staining

68
Q

small pox variolation (1000 BCE)

A

first type of immunization, exposure to lesions of the diseased with smallpox. dangerous because could still lead to people getting very sick

69
Q

Edward Jenner (1796)

A

Used cowpox instead of smallpox to inoculate patients, dubbed vaccination

70
Q

Louis Pasteur (again!) (1870s)

A

recognized the significance of exposure to weakened (attenuated) strains of bacteria, conferred immunity to a disease without causing severe symptoms

71
Q

Joseph Lister

A

used chemical treatment of surgical instruments to prevent transmission

72
Q

Alexander Fleming (1929)

A

discovers Penicillin (1929) as the first natural anti microbial drug

73
Q

Paul Ehrlich (1909-1910)

A

identified a chemical anti microbial drug (Salvarsan to treat syphilis), also had the theory of immunity that our bodies make compounds to fight pathogens (antibodies)

74
Q

lithotrophy

A

bacteria can oxidize iron and sulfur

75
Q

Sergei Winogradsky

A

studied microbes in their natural habitats. developed media to grow somem icrobes while excluding others
discovered bacteria (lithotrophs) can use inorganic molecules

76
Q

microbes are critical for

A

cycling inorganic and organic forms of N, S, P, etc.
Carbox fixation and O2 generation

77
Q

microbes are Primary Producers

A

production of chemical energy in organic compounds by living organisms

78
Q

microbes help do what in their environment

A

filter water

79
Q

endosymbionts

A

an organism that lives inside other organisms (bacteria serve as endosymbionts for animals and plants)

80
Q

human microbiota

A

community of microorganisms in/on the human body

81
Q

benefits of human microbiota

A

digestion, immune system development, growth factors (vitamin B & K), resistance (prevents growth of pathogens through competition)

82
Q

microbes are model systems

A

Because of their comparative simplicity, microbes are ideal models for studying many fundamental aspects of molecular biology

83
Q

understanding DNA structure in the 1950s led to the development of

A

DNA sequencing in the 1960s

84
Q

DNA sequencing

A

determining the exact sequence of nucleotides, or bases, in a DNA molecule.

85
Q

Carl Woese (1970s)

A

proposed the 3 domains of life structure (baceria, archaea, eukaroyte) based on Ribosomal RNA sequence

86
Q

metagenomics

A

high-throughput sequencing of a microbial community

87
Q

other molecular techniques for genome sequencing

A

viral vecotrs (gene therapy)
CRISPR (edit genomes)

MICROBIO 4000 (5 decks)

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