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MICROBIO 4000 > CH 7 > Flashcards

CH 7 Flashcards

1
Q

entropy

A

disorder, randomness

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2
Q

energy

A

ability to do work
allows cells to perform functions

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3
Q

how does entropy change in a system?

A

decrease in entropy locally due to releases of heat + waste
this increases entropy of the system

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4
Q

primary producers

A

organisms that produce biomass from iorganic carbon

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5
Q

consumers

A

get nutrients from producers

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6
Q

what are some examples of primary producers?

A

photosynthetic microbes, plants

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7
Q

what are some examples of consumers?

A

heterotrophs, decomposers, humans

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8
Q

phototrophy

A

capure energy from light, light energy makes high-energy molecule that donates e- to acceptor

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9
Q

chemotrophy

A

high energy food molecule donates e- to acceptor

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10
Q

organotrophy, aerobic

A

organic molecule donates e- to O2

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11
Q

organotrophy, anaerobic

A

organic molecule donates to itself or other molecule, not O2

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12
Q

is organotrophy and lithotrophy a type of chemotrophy?

A

YES!

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13
Q

lithotrophy, aerobic

A

inorganic molecule donates e- to O2

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14
Q

lithotrophy, anaerobic

A

inorganic molecule donates e- to other molecule, not O2

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15
Q

metabolism

A

total of ALL chemical reactions in the cell. done in a series of steps to provide small amount of energy that are carried away by energy carriers

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16
Q

catabolism

A

breaking reactions, releases energy. source of e-

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17
Q

anabolism

A

building reactions, energy consumed. needs e-

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18
Q

metabolite

A

product or substrate of metabolism

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19
Q

enzymes

A

biological catalysts, control whether reactions occur and speeds up reactions by reducing activation E

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20
Q

activation energy

A

energy needed for reactants to reach the transition state between reactants and products

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21
Q

ΔG = ΔH - TΔS

A

Gibbs free energy equation, predicts direction of a reaction

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22
Q

-ΔG

A

reaction is spon., goes from high energy to low energy, releases energy

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23
Q

+ΔG

A

reaction isn’t spon., goes from low energy to high energy, consumes energy

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24
Q

is a catabolic reaction have a negative or positive Gibbs free energy?

A

negative, because catabolic reactions RELEASE energy, and a negative Gibbs goes from a high E state to low E state

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25
Q

what factors affect enzyme activity?

A

temperature, pH, salt concentrations, cofactors and coenzymes

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26
Q

does a higher temperature help enzymes proceed?

A

not necessarily, high temperatures denature enzymes. low temperatures slow enzymes as well

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27
Q

feed-back regulation

A

end-product of a metabolic pathway inhibits the activity of an enzyme used in that pathway

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28
Q

what are the benefits of using multi step pathways?

A
  1. store energy
  2. produce intermediates that can be used elsewhere
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29
Q

ATP is

A

common “energy currency”, molecule of RNA

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30
Q

what is ATP made up of?

A

one adenine base, one RNA sugar, and three phosphate groups

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31
Q

how do the phosphate groups facilitate the ATP’s function?

A

phosphate bonds are high in energy and store or release E

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32
Q

Substrate-level phosphorylation

A

intermediate in catabolism directly provides energy (and phosphate) to ADP

33
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

oxidation of nutrients creates PMF which drives ATP synthase
…. come back to this

34
Q

ATP synthase

A

enzyme that converts ADP + P -> ATP

35
Q

Photophosphorylation

A

Light energy creates a PMF that drives ATP synthase
light energy excites e-, pumps H+ outside cell
as H+ flow high-low, power ATP synthase

36
Q

REDOX reactions

A

reactions that involve the flow of electrons

37
Q

oxidation

A

substrate donates e-

38
Q

reduction

A

subtrate accepts e-

39
Q

e- carriers

A

help the cell transfer/harvest e- E. e- affinity needs to be higher at each step

40
Q

what are some common microbial food sources?

A

cellulose and starch
pectin and sugar-acids
lipids
proteins

41
Q

lipids and proteins

A

catabolized to products that enter the central pathways of glycolysis and TCA cycle

42
Q

central carbon catabolism

A

carbon sources are chemically broken down
oxidative reactions
E is released and transferred to E carriers
(ATP, e- carriers)

43
Q

what can intermediates of central carbon catabolism be used for?

A

biosynthesis pathways

44
Q

how is central catabolism completed?

A

either by respiration or fermentation

45
Q

glycolysis (AKA EMP pathway)

A

the oxidation of gluocse to pyruvate

46
Q

input of glycolysis

A

1 glucose, 2 ATP
glucose breaks down into 2 pyruvic acids
ATP phosphorylate the sugar

47
Q

output of glycolysis

A

4 ATP (NET 2 ATP)
2 NADH
2 pyruvate
substrates for biosynthesis (intermediates)

48
Q

investment phase of glycolysis

A

6-C glucose requires energy to become 2 G3P
E required for controlled breakdown

49
Q

pay-off phase for glycolysis

A

releases energy as 2 G3P is broken down into 2 pyruvate

50
Q

alternative sugar catabolism

A

diff environments/species of bacteria catabolize sugars differently
can be sources of NADH, ATP, NADHP
overlap with glycolysis (G3P is common intermediate)
can occur in absence of O2

51
Q

Entner-Doudoroff (ED) pathway

A

yields
1 NADPH
1 NADH
1 ATP
2 pyruvic acid
needed to metabolize certain sugar sources

52
Q

Pentose Phosphate (PP) pathway

A

yeild can vary:
~2 NADPH
1 ATP

53
Q

how must metabolism be completed?

A

e- and waste carbon from pyruvate need to be released from the cell via fermentation or respiration

54
Q

cellular (aerobic) respiration

A

donates e- from NADH to ETS (electron transfer system), stores E by pumping H+ across the membrane

55
Q

pyruvate oxidation (preparatory step)

A

input: 1 pyruvate (2 per glucose)
output: 2 CO2, 2 NADH, 2 Acetyl-CoA

56
Q

TCA Cycle

A

transfers all e- to NADH & FADH2, releases stored energy through the oxidation of Acetyl-CoA into ATP

57
Q

input/output of TCA

A

input: 2 Acetyl-CoA
output: 6 NADH
2 FADH2
2 ATP
4 CO2 (waste/carbon loss)

58
Q

can a bacterial cell obtain a TCA intermediates from the environment and use them to make energy?

A

Yes if the cell has transporters to take up such molecules from the environment

59
Q

Does the TCA cycle produce any useful intermediates ?

A

Yes, the TCA cycle produces substrates for biosynthesis such as amino acids, lipids, pigments, cofactors, etc

60
Q

Electron transport chains (systems)

A

series of oxioreductase enzymes

61
Q

oxidoreductase enzymes

A
  • are membrane bound protein complexes
  • pass e- from a stronger e- donor to a stronger e- acceptor
  • release E which allows some complexes to move/pump H+ across the membrane
    -generate a gradient (PMF)
62
Q

chemiosmosis

A

protons moving down their concentration gradient

63
Q

H+ gradient (charge + concentration gradient)

A

drives production of ATP and powers active transport

64
Q

Is ATP snythase part of the ETC?

A

No, ATP only needs protons to work

65
Q

ATP Snythase for bacteria occurs where?

A

embedded in the cell membrane

66
Q

ETC starts and ends how?

A

ETC starts when e- carriers pass off e- to ETC. it ends when e- are passed to the final e- acceptor

67
Q

does NADH or FADH2 produce more ATP?

A

NADH produces ~3 ATP while FADH2 produces ~2 ATP

68
Q

what is the theoretical ATP yield from 1 glucose in aerobic conditions?

A

38.
from glycolysis, 2 NADH = 6 ATP
from pyruvate oxidation, 2 NADH = 6 ATP
from the TCA cycle, 6 NADH = 18 ATP, 2 FADH2 = 4 ATP

69
Q

why is theoretical maxium never reached in bacteria?

A

Bacteria use PMF forces used for ATP production for other cellular processes + to maintain stable ion gradients during extreme changes

70
Q

where does TCA reactions and ETC occur in eukaryotic cells?

A

Mitochondria. TCA occurs in the matrix and ETC is located in the inner membrane

71
Q

where does TCA reactions and ETC occur in prok cells?

A

cytoplasm and cell membrane

72
Q

where does glycolysis, oxidoreductases, and ATP synthase occur in cells?

A

the locations are highly similar for both proks and euks. gylcolysis occurs in the cytoplasm for both

73
Q

What is different about ETC and PMF in prok?

A

No mitochondria - occurs across the cell membrane
number/arrangement of complexes
cytochrome C placement
final complex

74
Q

what is the same?

A

general redox centers
the goal - step-wise transfer of E from e- to proton gradient to ATP
a membrane is needed
ATP synthase is the enzyme used for the final step of oxidative phosphorylation

75
Q

fermentation also completes catabolism!! how?

A

partially!

76
Q

how does fermentation to complete catabolism work?

A

e- E transferred to pyruvic acid.
glycolysis + fermentation occurs:
ATP is made, no O2 is needed, and pyruvic acid is the final e- acceptor

77
Q

two main types of fermentation

A

lactic acid and alcohol

78
Q

alcohol fermentation steps

A
  1. pyruvic acid is converted to acetaldehyde, CO2 is released
  2. acetaldehyde is reduced to ethanol
79
Q

what is detecting fermentation end products useful for?

A

indentifying microbes

MICROBIO 4000 (5 decks)

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