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MICROBIO 4000 > CH 7 > Flashcards

CH 7 Flashcards

1
Q

entropy

A

disorder, randomness

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2
Q

energy

A

ability to do work
allows cells to perform functions

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3
Q

how does entropy change in a system?

A

decrease in entropy locally due to releases of heat + waste
this increases entropy of the system

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4
Q

primary producers

A

organisms that produce biomass from iorganic carbon

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5
Q

consumers

A

get nutrients from producers

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6
Q

what are some examples of primary producers?

A

photosynthetic microbes, plants

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7
Q

what are some examples of consumers?

A

heterotrophs, decomposers, humans

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8
Q

phototrophy

A

capure energy from light, light energy makes high-energy molecule that donates e- to acceptor

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9
Q

chemotrophy

A

high energy food molecule donates e- to acceptor

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10
Q

organotrophy, aerobic

A

organic molecule donates e- to O2

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11
Q

organotrophy, anaerobic

A

organic molecule donates to itself or other molecule, not O2

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12
Q

is organotrophy and lithotrophy a type of chemotrophy?

A

YES!

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13
Q

lithotrophy, aerobic

A

inorganic molecule donates e- to O2

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14
Q

lithotrophy, anaerobic

A

inorganic molecule donates e- to other molecule, not O2

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15
Q

metabolism

A

total of ALL chemical reactions in the cell. done in a series of steps to provide small amount of energy that are carried away by energy carriers

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16
Q

catabolism

A

breaking reactions, releases energy. source of e-

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17
Q

anabolism

A

building reactions, energy consumed. needs e-

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18
Q

metabolite

A

product or substrate of metabolism

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19
Q

enzymes

A

biological catalysts, control whether reactions occur and speeds up reactions by reducing activation E

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20
Q

activation energy

A

energy needed for reactants to reach the transition state between reactants and products

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21
Q

ΔG = ΔH - TΔS

A

Gibbs free energy equation, predicts direction of a reaction

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22
Q

-ΔG

A

reaction is spon., goes from high energy to low energy, releases energy

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23
Q

+ΔG

A

reaction isn’t spon., goes from low energy to high energy, consumes energy

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24
Q

is a catabolic reaction have a negative or positive Gibbs free energy?

A

negative, because catabolic reactions RELEASE energy, and a negative Gibbs goes from a high E state to low E state

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25
what factors affect enzyme activity?
temperature, pH, salt concentrations, cofactors and coenzymes
26
does a higher temperature help enzymes proceed?
not necessarily, high temperatures denature enzymes. low temperatures slow enzymes as well
27
feed-back regulation
end-product of a metabolic pathway inhibits the activity of an enzyme used in that pathway
28
what are the benefits of using multi step pathways?
1. store energy 2. produce intermediates that can be used elsewhere
29
ATP is
common "energy currency", molecule of RNA
30
what is ATP made up of?
one adenine base, one RNA sugar, and three phosphate groups
31
how do the phosphate groups facilitate the ATP's function?
phosphate bonds are high in energy and store or release E
32
Substrate-level phosphorylation
intermediate in catabolism directly provides energy (and phosphate) to ADP
33
Oxidative phosphorylation
oxidation of nutrients creates PMF which drives ATP synthase .... come back to this
34
ATP synthase
enzyme that converts ADP + P -> ATP
35
Photophosphorylation
Light energy creates a PMF that drives ATP synthase light energy excites e-, pumps H+ outside cell as H+ flow high-low, power ATP synthase
36
REDOX reactions
reactions that involve the flow of electrons
37
oxidation
substrate donates e-
38
reduction
subtrate accepts e-
39
e- carriers
help the cell transfer/harvest e- E. e- affinity needs to be higher at each step
40
what are some common microbial food sources?
cellulose and starch pectin and sugar-acids lipids proteins
41
lipids and proteins
catabolized to products that enter the central pathways of glycolysis and TCA cycle
42
central carbon catabolism
carbon sources are chemically broken down oxidative reactions E is released and transferred to E carriers (ATP, e- carriers)
43
what can intermediates of central carbon catabolism be used for?
biosynthesis pathways
44
how is central catabolism completed?
either by respiration or fermentation
45
glycolysis (AKA EMP pathway)
the oxidation of gluocse to pyruvate
46
input of glycolysis
1 glucose, 2 ATP glucose breaks down into 2 pyruvic acids ATP phosphorylate the sugar
47
output of glycolysis
4 ATP (NET 2 ATP) 2 NADH 2 pyruvate substrates for biosynthesis (intermediates)
48
investment phase of glycolysis
6-C glucose requires energy to become 2 G3P E required for controlled breakdown
49
pay-off phase for glycolysis
releases energy as 2 G3P is broken down into 2 pyruvate
50
alternative sugar catabolism
diff environments/species of bacteria catabolize sugars differently can be sources of NADH, ATP, NADHP overlap with glycolysis (G3P is common intermediate) can occur in absence of O2
51
Entner-Doudoroff (ED) pathway
yields 1 NADPH 1 NADH 1 ATP 2 pyruvic acid needed to metabolize certain sugar sources
52
Pentose Phosphate (PP) pathway
yeild can vary: ~2 NADPH 1 ATP
53
how must metabolism be completed?
e- and waste carbon from pyruvate need to be released from the cell via fermentation or respiration
54
cellular (aerobic) respiration
donates e- from NADH to ETS (electron transfer system), stores E by pumping H+ across the membrane
55
pyruvate oxidation (preparatory step)
input: 1 pyruvate (2 per glucose) output: 2 CO2, 2 NADH, 2 Acetyl-CoA
56
TCA Cycle
transfers all e- to NADH & FADH2, releases stored energy through the oxidation of Acetyl-CoA into ATP
57
input/output of TCA
input: 2 Acetyl-CoA output: 6 NADH 2 FADH2 2 ATP 4 CO2 (waste/carbon loss)
58
can a bacterial cell obtain a TCA intermediates from the environment and use them to make energy?
Yes if the cell has transporters to take up such molecules from the environment
59
Does the TCA cycle produce any useful intermediates ?
Yes, the TCA cycle produces substrates for biosynthesis such as amino acids, lipids, pigments, cofactors, etc
60
Electron transport chains (systems)
series of oxioreductase enzymes
61
oxidoreductase enzymes
- are membrane bound protein complexes - pass e- from a stronger e- donor to a stronger e- acceptor - release E which allows some complexes to move/pump H+ across the membrane -generate a gradient (PMF)
62
chemiosmosis
protons moving down their concentration gradient
63
H+ gradient (charge + concentration gradient)
drives production of ATP and powers active transport
64
Is ATP snythase part of the ETC?
No, ATP only needs protons to work
65
ATP Snythase for bacteria occurs where?
embedded in the cell membrane
66
ETC starts and ends how?
ETC starts when e- carriers pass off e- to ETC. it ends when e- are passed to the final e- acceptor
67
does NADH or FADH2 produce more ATP?
NADH produces ~3 ATP while FADH2 produces ~2 ATP
68
what is the theoretical ATP yield from 1 glucose in aerobic conditions?
38. from glycolysis, 2 NADH = 6 ATP from pyruvate oxidation, 2 NADH = 6 ATP from the TCA cycle, 6 NADH = 18 ATP, 2 FADH2 = 4 ATP
69
why is theoretical maxium never reached in bacteria?
Bacteria use PMF forces used for ATP production for other cellular processes + to maintain stable ion gradients during extreme changes
70
where does TCA reactions and ETC occur in eukaryotic cells?
Mitochondria. TCA occurs in the matrix and ETC is located in the inner membrane
71
where does TCA reactions and ETC occur in prok cells?
cytoplasm and cell membrane
72
where does glycolysis, oxidoreductases, and ATP synthase occur in cells?
the locations are highly similar for both proks and euks. gylcolysis occurs in the cytoplasm for both
73
What is different about ETC and PMF in prok?
No mitochondria - occurs across the cell membrane number/arrangement of complexes cytochrome C placement final complex
74
what is the same?
general redox centers the goal - step-wise transfer of E from e- to proton gradient to ATP a membrane is needed ATP synthase is the enzyme used for the final step of oxidative phosphorylation
75
fermentation also completes catabolism!! how?
partially!
76
how does fermentation to complete catabolism work?
e- E transferred to pyruvic acid. glycolysis + fermentation occurs: ATP is made, no O2 is needed, and pyruvic acid is the final e- acceptor
77
two main types of fermentation
lactic acid and alcohol
78
alcohol fermentation steps
1. pyruvic acid is converted to acetaldehyde, CO2 is released 2. acetaldehyde is reduced to ethanol
79
what is detecting fermentation end products useful for?
indentifying microbes

MICROBIO 4000 (5 decks)

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