Ch5: The lesioned and stimulated brain Flashcards
In neuropsychology, the performance of different patients is combined to yield a group average
Group studies
In cognitive neuropsychology, the data from different patients are not combined
Single case studies
A name for a variety of methods that stimulate the brain non-invasively (i.e. outside the skull) including by magnetic, electrical and ultrasound methods
Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS)
Non-invasive stimulation of the brain caused by magnetic induction from a rapidly changing electrical current in a coil held over the scalp
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
Non-invasive stimulation of the brain caused by passing a weak electrical current through it, either direct currents (tDCS) or alternating currents (tACS)
Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES)
A surgical procedure in which fibers of the corpus callosum are severed
Split-brain
Disruption in the blood supply to the brain; also called cerebrovascular accidents (CVA)
Strokes
Over-elastic region of artery that is prone to rupture
Aneurysm
A situation in which a patient is impaired on a particular task (task A) but relatively spared on another task (task B)
Single dissociation
If two tasks share the same neural/cognitive resource but one task uses it more, then damage to this resource will affect one task more than the other
Task-resource artifact
One task is performed worse than another because the task is performed sub-optimally (but not because some aspect of the task is compromised)
Task-demand artifact
Two single dissociations that have a complementary profile of abilities
Double dissociation
Difficulties in spelling and writing
Dysgraphia
A cluster of different symptoms that are believed to be related in some meaningful way
Syndrome
Lesions affect one or more components within the pre-existing cognitive system but do not result in a completely new cognitive system being created
Transparency assumption
A swelling of the brain following injury
Edema
A discrete brain lesion can disrupt the functioning of distant brain regions that are structurally intact
Diaschisis
Cognitive neuroscience in nonhuman animals
Behavioral neuroscience
Non-invasive stimulation of the brain caused by passing a weak electrical direct current through it
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS)
Non-invasive stimulation of the brain caused by passing a weak electrical alternating current through it; the frequency of the alternations can interact with the brain’s own rhythmical activity
Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS)
This decreases cortical excitability and decreases performance (_tDCS)
Cathodal tDCS
Non-invasive stimulation of the brain caused by passing a weak electrical current through it, which fluctuates in direction and amplitude
Transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS)
This increases cortical excitability and increases performance (_tDCS)
Anodal tDCS
The medical diagnosis in the preponderance of cases of semantic dementia is:
A) Alzheimer’s type dementia (DAT)
B) Herpes simplex encephalitis
C) Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
D) Pick’s disease
1.
The combined performance profile of the two patient groups depicted below represents which of the following?
A) Regression to the mean
B) Double dissociation
C) Split-brain procedure
D) Task-resource artifact
B) Double dissociation
Syndromes are defined by associations between:
A) Generational cohort
B) Brain lesions
C) Symptoms
D) Modules
C) Symptoms
The fractionation assumption holds that:
A) Damage to the brain can produce selective cognitive lesions
B) Single case studies cannot inform our understanding of normal cognition
C) All cognitive systems are basically identical
D) Lesions do not create a completely new cognitive system
A) Damage to the brain can produce selective cognitive lesions
The _____ assumption is less likely to be violated in adult relative to child cases and when studied soon after injury relative to later in time.
A) Animacy
B) Transparency
C) Transitive
D) Universality
B) Transparency
The approach to grouping patients best suited for a situation in which one has a specific testable prediction about what a brain region is critical for would be to group by:
A) Lesion location
B) Behavioural symptom
C) Behavioural syndrome
D) Age
A) Lesion location
Which of the following statements about tRNS are true?
A) tRNS uses the same equipment as TMS
B) tRNS has good temporal resolution
C) tRNS involves a fixed anode and cathode
D) tRNS over the occipital lobes can improve visibility of weak stimuli
D) tRNS over the occipital lobes can improve visibility of weak stimuli
_____ neuroscience is the term that most commonly describes the study of cognitive neuroscience in non-human animals.
A) Superficial
B) Behavioral
C) Computational
D) Biological
B) Behavioral
Scopolamine is a pharmacological agent that is often employed to produce:
A) Epiphenomena
B) Reversible functional lesions
C) Transections
D) Aspirations
B) Reversible functional lesions
One species of New World primate still commonly used in neuroscience research is:
A) Common marmoset
B) Baboon
C) Chimpanzee
D) Great ape
A) Common marmoset
The rate of change in the electric current is:
A) A misnomer according to Pascual-Leone et al. (1999)
B) Inversely related to the magnetic field strength
C) Directly related to the magnetic field strength
D) Proportional to the direction of the current
C) Directly related to the magnetic field strength
Stimulating area V5/MT of the brain using TMS, as Stewart et al. (1999) did, gave rise to what phenomenon?
A) Moving phosphenes
B) Static phosphenes
C) Temporary alexia
D) Temporary aphasia
A) Moving phosphenes
Cohen et al.’s (1997) TMS study suggested that the “visual” cortex is used for what in the early blind?
A) Touch
B) Event planning
C) Audition
D) Visual hallucinations
A) Touch
The principle of electromagnetic induction was first discovered by:
A) Pascual-Leone
B) Faraday
C) Cowey
D) Walsh
B) Faraday
The typical area of the focal point of TMS is roughly:
A) 1 cm2
B) 0.1 m2
C) 1 mm2
D) 10 cm2
A) 1 cm2
What are the effects of cathodal tDCS over visual cortex?
A) Decreases amplitude of visual evoked potentials, increases rates of visual detection
B) Decreases amplitude of visual evoked potentials, decreases rates of visual detection
C) Increases amplitude of visual evoked potentials, decreases rates of visual detection
D) Increases amplitude of visual evoked potentials, increases rates of visual detection
B) Decreases amplitude of visual evoked potentials, decreases rates of visual detection
Which of the following statements about tDCS are true?
A) Has a good temporal resolution
B) It can be used for neurorehabilitation
C) Participants can easily tell when they are being stimulated
D) It involves only one type of electrode (either cathodal or anodal)
B) It can be used for neurorehabilitation
Sham TMS describes:
A) Stimulating a region adjacent to the region of interest
B) Producing a theta-burst of pulses over a particular brain region
C) The criticism that TMS cannot be used to localize function
D) Holding the coil in the air rather than against the head
D) Holding the coil in the air rather than against the head
The intensity of TMS pulses that can be delivered safely to a participant is normally specified with respect to the:
A) Anterior commissure
B) Rate of desensitization
C) Just noticeable visual difference
D) Motor threshold
D) Motor threshold
Despite being brief, each TMS pulse can produce a click with the intensity of about:
A) 100 volts
B) 100 degrees centigrade
C) 100 watts
D) 100 decibels
D) 100 decibels
