Ch5: The lesioned and stimulated brain

Question 1

In neuropsychology, the performance of different patients is combined to yield a group average

Answer 1

Group studies

Question 2

In cognitive neuropsychology, the data from different patients are not combined

Answer 2

Single case studies

Question 3

A name for a variety of methods that stimulate the brain non-invasively (i.e. outside the skull) including by magnetic, electrical and ultrasound methods

Answer 3

Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS)

Question 4

Non-invasive stimulation of the brain caused by magnetic induction from a rapidly changing electrical current in a coil held over the scalp

Answer 4

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Question 5

Non-invasive stimulation of the brain caused by passing a weak electrical current through it, either direct currents (tDCS) or alternating currents (tACS)

Answer 5

Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES)

Question 6

A surgical procedure in which fibers of the corpus callosum are severed

Answer 6

Split-brain

Question 7

Disruption in the blood supply to the brain; also called cerebrovascular accidents (CVA)

Answer 7

Strokes

Question 8

Over-elastic region of artery that is prone to rupture

Answer 8

Aneurysm

Question 9

A situation in which a patient is impaired on a particular task (task A) but relatively spared on another task (task B)

Answer 9

Single dissociation

Question 10

If two tasks share the same neural/cognitive resource but one task uses it more, then damage to this resource will affect one task more than the other

Answer 10

Task-resource artifact

Question 11

One task is performed worse than another because the task is performed sub-optimally (but not because some aspect of the task is compromised)

Answer 11

Task-demand artifact

Question 12

Two single dissociations that have a complementary profile of abilities

Answer 12

Double dissociation

Question 13

Difficulties in spelling and writing

Answer 13

Dysgraphia

Question 14

A cluster of different symptoms that are believed to be related in some meaningful way

Answer 14

Syndrome

Question 15

Lesions affect one or more components within the pre-existing cognitive system but do not result in a completely new cognitive system being created

Answer 15

Transparency assumption

Question 16

A swelling of the brain following injury

Answer 16

Edema

Question 17

A discrete brain lesion can disrupt the functioning of distant brain regions that are structurally intact

Answer 17

Diaschisis

Question 18

Cognitive neuroscience in nonhuman animals

Answer 18

Behavioral neuroscience

Question 19

Non-invasive stimulation of the brain caused by passing a weak electrical direct current through it

Answer 19

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS)

Question 20

Non-invasive stimulation of the brain caused by passing a weak electrical alternating current through it; the frequency of the alternations can interact with the brain’s own rhythmical activity

Answer 20

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS)

Question 21

This decreases cortical excitability and decreases performance (_tDCS)

Answer 21

Cathodal tDCS

Question 22

Non-invasive stimulation of the brain caused by passing a weak electrical current through it, which fluctuates in direction and amplitude

Answer 22

Transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS)

Question 23

This increases cortical excitability and increases performance (_tDCS)

Answer 23

Anodal tDCS

Question 24

The medical diagnosis in the preponderance of cases of semantic dementia is:

A) Alzheimer’s type dementia (DAT)

B) Herpes simplex encephalitis

C) Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

D) Pick’s disease

Answer 24

1.

Question 25

The combined performance profile of the two patient groups depicted below represents which of the following? A) Regression to the mean B) Double dissociation C) Split-brain procedure D) Task-resource artifact

Answer 25

B) Double dissociation

Question 26

Syndromes are defined by associations between: A) Generational cohort B) Brain lesions C) Symptoms D) Modules

Answer 26

C) Symptoms

Question 27

The fractionation assumption holds that: A) Damage to the brain can produce selective cognitive lesions B) Single case studies cannot inform our understanding of normal cognition C) All cognitive systems are basically identical D) Lesions do not create a completely new cognitive system

Answer 27

A) Damage to the brain can produce selective cognitive lesions

Question 28

The _____ assumption is less likely to be violated in adult relative to child cases and when studied soon after injury relative to later in time. A) Animacy B) Transparency C) Transitive D) Universality

Answer 28

B) Transparency

Question 29

The approach to grouping patients best suited for a situation in which one has a specific testable prediction about what a brain region is critical for would be to group by: A) Lesion location B) Behavioural symptom C) Behavioural syndrome D) Age

Answer 29

A) Lesion location

Question 30

Which of the following statements about tRNS are true? ## Footnote A) tRNS uses the same equipment as TMS B) tRNS has good temporal resolution C) tRNS involves a fixed anode and cathode D) tRNS over the occipital lobes can improve visibility of weak stimuli

Answer 30

D) tRNS over the occipital lobes can improve visibility of weak stimuli

Question 31

\_\_\_\_\_ neuroscience is the term that most commonly describes the study of cognitive neuroscience in non-human animals. ## Footnote A) Superficial B) Behavioral C) Computational D) Biological

Answer 31

B) Behavioral

Question 32

Scopolamine is a pharmacological agent that is often employed to produce: ## Footnote A) Epiphenomena B) Reversible functional lesions C) Transections D) Aspirations

Answer 32

B) Reversible functional lesions

Question 33

One species of New World primate still commonly used in neuroscience research is: A) Common marmoset B) Baboon C) Chimpanzee D) Great ape

Answer 33

A) Common marmoset

Question 34

The rate of change in the electric current is: A) A misnomer according to Pascual-Leone et al. (1999) B) Inversely related to the magnetic field strength C) Directly related to the magnetic field strength D) Proportional to the direction of the current

Answer 34

C) Directly related to the magnetic field strength

Question 35

Stimulating area V5/MT of the brain using TMS, as Stewart et al. (1999) did, gave rise to what phenomenon? A) Moving phosphenes B) Static phosphenes C) Temporary alexia D) Temporary aphasia

Answer 35

A) Moving phosphenes

Question 36

Cohen et al.'s (1997) TMS study suggested that the “visual” cortex is used for what in the early blind? A) Touch B) Event planning C) Audition D) Visual hallucinations

Answer 36

A) Touch

Question 37

The principle of electromagnetic induction was first discovered by: A) Pascual-Leone B) Faraday C) Cowey D) Walsh

Answer 37

B) Faraday

Question 38

The typical area of the focal point of TMS is roughly: A) 1 cm2 B) 0.1 m2 C) 1 mm2 D) 10 cm2

Answer 38

A) 1 cm2

Question 39

What are the effects of cathodal tDCS over visual cortex? A) Decreases amplitude of visual evoked potentials, increases rates of visual detection B) Decreases amplitude of visual evoked potentials, decreases rates of visual detection C) Increases amplitude of visual evoked potentials, decreases rates of visual detection D) Increases amplitude of visual evoked potentials, increases rates of visual detection

Answer 39

B) Decreases amplitude of visual evoked potentials, decreases rates of visual detection

Question 40

Which of the following statements about tDCS are true? A) Has a good temporal resolution B) It can be used for neurorehabilitation C) Participants can easily tell when they are being stimulated D) It involves only one type of electrode (either cathodal or anodal)

Answer 40

B) It can be used for neurorehabilitation

Question 41

Sham TMS describes: A) Stimulating a region adjacent to the region of interest B) Producing a theta-burst of pulses over a particular brain region C) The criticism that TMS cannot be used to localize function D) Holding the coil in the air rather than against the head

Answer 41

D) Holding the coil in the air rather than against the head

Question 42

The intensity of TMS pulses that can be delivered safely to a participant is normally specified with respect to the: A) Anterior commissure B) Rate of desensitization C) Just noticeable visual difference D) Motor threshold

Answer 42

D) Motor threshold

Question 43

Despite being brief, each TMS pulse can produce a click with the intensity of about: A) 100 volts B) 100 degrees centigrade C) 100 watts D) 100 decibels

Answer 43

D) 100 decibels