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Psyc3317 > Ch5: The lesioned and stimulated brain > Flashcards

Ch5: The lesioned and stimulated brain Flashcards

1
Q

In neuropsychology, the performance of different patients is combined to yield a group average

A

Group studies

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2
Q

In cognitive neuropsychology, the data from different patients are not combined

A

Single case studies

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3
Q

A name for a variety of methods that stimulate the brain non-invasively (i.e. outside the skull) including by magnetic, electrical and ultrasound methods

A

Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS)

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4
Q

Non-invasive stimulation of the brain caused by magnetic induction from a rapidly changing electrical current in a coil held over the scalp

A

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

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5
Q

Non-invasive stimulation of the brain caused by passing a weak electrical current through it, either direct currents (tDCS) or alternating currents (tACS)

A

Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES)

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6
Q

A surgical procedure in which fibers of the corpus callosum are severed

A

Split-brain

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7
Q

Disruption in the blood supply to the brain; also called cerebrovascular accidents (CVA)

A

Strokes

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8
Q

Over-elastic region of artery that is prone to rupture

A

Aneurysm

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9
Q

A situation in which a patient is impaired on a particular task (task A) but relatively spared on another task (task B)

A

Single dissociation

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10
Q

If two tasks share the same neural/cognitive resource but one task uses it more, then damage to this resource will affect one task more than the other

A

Task-resource artifact

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11
Q

One task is performed worse than another because the task is performed sub-optimally (but not because some aspect of the task is compromised)

A

Task-demand artifact

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12
Q

Two single dissociations that have a complementary profile of abilities

A

Double dissociation

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13
Q

Difficulties in spelling and writing

A

Dysgraphia

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14
Q

A cluster of different symptoms that are believed to be related in some meaningful way

A

Syndrome

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15
Q

Lesions affect one or more components within the pre-existing cognitive system but do not result in a completely new cognitive system being created

A

Transparency assumption

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16
Q

A swelling of the brain following injury

A

Edema

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17
Q

A discrete brain lesion can disrupt the functioning of distant brain regions that are structurally intact

A

Diaschisis

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18
Q

Cognitive neuroscience in nonhuman animals

A

Behavioral neuroscience

19
Q

Non-invasive stimulation of the brain caused by passing a weak electrical direct current through it

A

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS)

20
Q

Non-invasive stimulation of the brain caused by passing a weak electrical alternating current through it; the frequency of the alternations can interact with the brain’s own rhythmical activity

A

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS)

21
Q

This decreases cortical excitability and decreases performance (_tDCS)

A

Cathodal tDCS

22
Q

Non-invasive stimulation of the brain caused by passing a weak electrical current through it, which fluctuates in direction and amplitude

A

Transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS)

23
Q

This increases cortical excitability and increases performance (_tDCS)

A

Anodal tDCS

24
Q

The medical diagnosis in the preponderance of cases of semantic dementia is:

A) Alzheimer’s type dementia (DAT)

B) Herpes simplex encephalitis

C) Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

D) Pick’s disease

A

1.

25
Q

The combined performance profile of the two patient groups depicted below represents which of the following?

A) Regression to the mean

B) Double dissociation

C) Split-brain procedure

D) Task-resource artifact

A

B) Double dissociation

26
Q

Syndromes are defined by associations between:

A) Generational cohort

B) Brain lesions

C) Symptoms

D) Modules

A

C) Symptoms

27
Q

The fractionation assumption holds that:

A) Damage to the brain can produce selective cognitive lesions

B) Single case studies cannot inform our understanding of normal cognition

C) All cognitive systems are basically identical

D) Lesions do not create a completely new cognitive system

A

A) Damage to the brain can produce selective cognitive lesions

28
Q

The _____ assumption is less likely to be violated in adult relative to child cases and when studied soon after injury relative to later in time.

A) Animacy

B) Transparency

C) Transitive

D) Universality

A

B) Transparency

29
Q

The approach to grouping patients best suited for a situation in which one has a specific testable prediction about what a brain region is critical for would be to group by:

A) Lesion location

B) Behavioural symptom

C) Behavioural syndrome

D) Age

A

A) Lesion location

30
Q

Which of the following statements about tRNS are true?

A) tRNS uses the same equipment as TMS

B) tRNS has good temporal resolution

C) tRNS involves a fixed anode and cathode

D) tRNS over the occipital lobes can improve visibility of weak stimuli

A

D) tRNS over the occipital lobes can improve visibility of weak stimuli

31
Q

_____ neuroscience is the term that most commonly describes the study of cognitive neuroscience in non-human animals.

A) Superficial

B) Behavioral

C) Computational

D) Biological

A

B) Behavioral

32
Q

Scopolamine is a pharmacological agent that is often employed to produce:

A) Epiphenomena

B) Reversible functional lesions

C) Transections

D) Aspirations

A

B) Reversible functional lesions

33
Q

One species of New World primate still commonly used in neuroscience research is:
A) Common marmoset
B) Baboon
C) Chimpanzee
D) Great ape

A

A) Common marmoset

34
Q

The rate of change in the electric current is:
A) A misnomer according to Pascual-Leone et al. (1999)
B) Inversely related to the magnetic field strength
C) Directly related to the magnetic field strength
D) Proportional to the direction of the current

A

C) Directly related to the magnetic field strength

35
Q

Stimulating area V5/MT of the brain using TMS, as Stewart et al. (1999) did, gave rise to what phenomenon?

A) Moving phosphenes
B) Static phosphenes
C) Temporary alexia
D) Temporary aphasia

A

A) Moving phosphenes

36
Q

Cohen et al.’s (1997) TMS study suggested that the “visual” cortex is used for what in the early blind?
A) Touch
B) Event planning
C) Audition
D) Visual hallucinations

A

A) Touch

37
Q

The principle of electromagnetic induction was first discovered by:

A) Pascual-Leone
B) Faraday
C) Cowey
D) Walsh

A

B) Faraday

38
Q

The typical area of the focal point of TMS is roughly:

A) 1 cm2
B) 0.1 m2
C) 1 mm2
D) 10 cm2

A

A) 1 cm2

39
Q

What are the effects of cathodal tDCS over visual cortex?
A) Decreases amplitude of visual evoked potentials, increases rates of visual detection
B) Decreases amplitude of visual evoked potentials, decreases rates of visual detection
C) Increases amplitude of visual evoked potentials, decreases rates of visual detection
D) Increases amplitude of visual evoked potentials, increases rates of visual detection

A

B) Decreases amplitude of visual evoked potentials, decreases rates of visual detection

40
Q

Which of the following statements about tDCS are true?

A) Has a good temporal resolution
B) It can be used for neurorehabilitation
C) Participants can easily tell when they are being stimulated
D) It involves only one type of electrode (either cathodal or anodal)

A

B) It can be used for neurorehabilitation

41
Q

Sham TMS describes:
A) Stimulating a region adjacent to the region of interest
B) Producing a theta-burst of pulses over a particular brain region
C) The criticism that TMS cannot be used to localize function
D) Holding the coil in the air rather than against the head

A

D) Holding the coil in the air rather than against the head

42
Q

The intensity of TMS pulses that can be delivered safely to a participant is normally specified with respect to the:

A) Anterior commissure
B) Rate of desensitization
C) Just noticeable visual difference
D) Motor threshold

A

D) Motor threshold

43
Q

Despite being brief, each TMS pulse can produce a click with the intensity of about:

A) 100 volts
B) 100 degrees centigrade
C) 100 watts
D) 100 decibels

A

D) 100 decibels

Psyc3317 (7 decks)

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