Ch1: Intro to Cog Neuro Flashcards
A variety of higher mental processes such as thinking, perceiving, imagining, speaking, acting, and planning
Cognition
Aims to explain cognitive processes in terms of brain-based mechanisms
Cognitive Neuroscience
The problem of how a physical substance (the brain) can give rise to our sensations, thoughts, and emotions (our mind)
Mind-Body Problem
The belief that mind and brain are made up of different kinds of substance
Dualism
The belief that mind and brain are two levels of description of the same thing
Dual-Aspect Theory
The belief that mind-based concepts will eventually be replaced by neuroscientific concepts
Reductionism
The failed idea that individual differences in cognition can be mapped on to differences in skull shape
Phrenology
Different regions of the brain are specialized for different functions
Functional Specialisation
The study of brain-damaged patients to inform theories of normal cognition
Cognitive NeuroPsychology
An approach in which behavior is described in terms of a sequence of cognitive stages
Information Processing
Later stages of processing can begin before earlier stages are complete
Interactivity
The influence of later stages on the processing of earlier ones (e.g. memory influences on perception)
Top-Down Processing
The passage of information from simpler (e.g. edges) to more complex (e.g. objects)
Bottom-Up Processing
Different information is processed at the same time
Parallel Processing
The notion that certain cognitive processes (or regions of the brain) are restricted in the type of information they process
Modularity
The idea that a cognitive process (or brain region) is dedicated solely to one particular type of information (e.g. colors, faces, words)
Domain specificity
Computational models in which information processing occurs using many interconnected nodes
Neural network models
The basic units of neural network models that are activated in response to activity in other parts of the network
Nodes
The accuracy with which one can measure when an event (e.g. a physiological change) occurs
Temporal resolution
The accuracy with which one can measure where an event (e.g. a physiological change) is occurring
Spatial resolution
A comprehensive map of neural connections in the brain that may be thought of as its wiring diagram
Connectome
A mathematical technique for computing the pattern of connectivity (or “wiring diagram”) from a set of correlations
Graph theory
Wilder Penfield stimulated the brains of patients undergoing brain surgery for which neurological disorder? A) Alzheimer’s B) Epilepsy C) Multiple Sclerosis D) Depression
B) Epilepsy
Which of the following researchers was the first to describe the nerve cell (in 1837)? A) Owaga B) Berger C) Purkinje D) Lauterber
C) Purkinje
Descartes suggested that the mind and body interacted at which gland, located at the center of the brain? A) Pituitary B) Adrenal C) Thyroid D) Pineal
D) Pineal
Which of the following statements about human connectomics is TRUE? A) The connectome map does not vary across individuals B) fMRI can be used to create connectome maps at the synaptic level C) There are more synaptic connections then there are DNA bases in the genome D) There is a known code for translating connectome maps into behaviour
C) There are more synaptic connections then there are DNA bases in the genome
Which of the following was one of the two key assumptions of phrenology? A) The mind is located in the heart B) Different regions of the brain perform different functions C) Lines on a person’s palms are indicative of their cognitive abilities D) Brain size is uncorrelated with differences in cognition and personality
B) Different regions of the brain perform different functions
According to reductionism, psychology should, in the end, reduce to what type of construct? A) Sociological B) Prescriptive C) Computational D) Biological
D) Biological
Broca is most associated with the localization of which broad category of functioning? A) Language B) Visual Perception C) Memory D) Reasoning
A) Language
Cognitive neuropsychologists typically study which of the following populations to inform theories of normal cognition? A) Normally developing children B) Non-human primates C) Drug abusers D) Brain-damaged humans
D) Brain-damaged humans
Psychology developed as a true discipline at the end of which century? A) Nineteenth B) Twentieth C) Eighteenth D) Seventeenth
A) Nineteenth
In Broadbent’s (1958) serial box-and-arrow model of cognition what is the order of the components? A) Attention, LTM, STM B) Perception, Attention, STM C) STM, Perception, LTM D) Anterior, Dorsal, Posterior
B) Perception, Attention, STM
Which term refers to the situation where later stages of processing begin before earlier stages are complete? A) Bileterality B) Dualism C) Serialism D) Interactivity
D) Interactivity
The field of cognitive neuroscience has been relatively late in addressing which of the following topics? A) Vision B) Consciousness C) Audition D) Memory
B) Consciousness
The responsiveness of a node in a computational model depends most directly on: A) The physical distance between nodes B) The overall activity contained within the model C) The weight of the connection to other nodes D) The number of nodes in the model
C) The weight of the connection to other nodes
Pinker and Prince (1988) criticized neural network models largely on the grounds that they often: A) Ignore the role of serial processing B) Include hidden layers C) Were capable of doing things that real brains could not D) Don’t make any testable predictions
C) Were capable of doing things that real brains could not
Dehaene et al. (2001) incorporated the presentation of visual noise in their paradigm in order to do which of the following: A) Create a baseline fMRI condition B) Prevent participants form consciously perceiving the word just presented C) Block unconscious audio signalling from the experimenter D) Test for cross-modal effects of reaction time
D) Test for cross-modal effects of reaction time
Which of the following techniques of cognitive neuroscience does NOT have a temporal resolution in the millisecond range? A) EEG B) TMS C) MEG D) fMRI
D) fMRI
The term associated with neuroscience methods that are linked to blood supply to the brain are: A) Magnetic B) Hemodynamic C) Stimulation D) Invasive
B) Hemodynamic
In the familiar computer analogy of cognitive psychology, it is thought to be possible to understand information processing without understanding the: A) Hardware B) Computational model C) Operating system D) Software
A) Hardware
Who is credited with devising the (1983) theory of modularity? A) Fodor B) Karmiliff-Smith C) Gleitman D) Farah
A) Fodor
What method of cognitive neuroscience is represented by the yellow circle depicted in the figure below?
A) Single-cell recording
B) Functional MRI
C) Multi-unit recording
D) PET
A) Single-cell recording
