Ch1: Intro to Cog Neuro

Question 1

A variety of higher mental processes such as thinking, perceiving, imagining, speaking, acting, and planning

Answer 1

Cognition

Question 2

Aims to explain cognitive processes in terms of brain-based mechanisms

Answer 2

Cognitive Neuroscience

Question 3

The problem of how a physical substance (the brain) can give rise to our sensations, thoughts, and emotions (our mind)

Answer 3

Mind-Body Problem

Question 4

The belief that mind and brain are made up of different kinds of substance

Answer 4

Dualism

Question 5

The belief that mind and brain are two levels of description of the same thing

Answer 5

Dual-Aspect Theory

Question 6

The belief that mind-based concepts will eventually be replaced by neuroscientific concepts

Answer 6

Reductionism

Question 7

The failed idea that individual differences in cognition can be mapped on to differences in skull shape

Answer 7

Phrenology

Question 8

Different regions of the brain are specialized for different functions

Answer 8

Functional Specialisation

Question 9

The study of brain-damaged patients to inform theories of normal cognition

Answer 9

Cognitive NeuroPsychology

Question 10

An approach in which behavior is described in terms of a sequence of cognitive stages

Answer 10

Information Processing

Question 11

Later stages of processing can begin before earlier stages are complete

Answer 11

Interactivity

Question 12

The influence of later stages on the processing of earlier ones (e.g. memory influences on perception)

Answer 12

Top-Down Processing

Question 13

The passage of information from simpler (e.g. edges) to more complex (e.g. objects)

Answer 13

Bottom-Up Processing

Question 14

Different information is processed at the same time

Answer 14

Parallel Processing

Question 15

The notion that certain cognitive processes (or regions of the brain) are restricted in the type of information they process

Answer 15

Modularity

Question 16

The idea that a cognitive process (or brain region) is dedicated solely to one particular type of information (e.g. colors, faces, words)

Answer 16

Domain specificity

Question 17

Computational models in which information processing occurs using many interconnected nodes

Answer 17

Neural network models

Question 18

The basic units of neural network models that are activated in response to activity in other parts of the network

Answer 18

Nodes

Question 19

The accuracy with which one can measure when an event (e.g. a physiological change) occurs

Answer 19

Temporal resolution

Question 20

The accuracy with which one can measure where an event (e.g. a physiological change) is occurring

Answer 20

Spatial resolution

Question 21

A comprehensive map of neural connections in the brain that may be thought of as its wiring diagram

Answer 21

Connectome

Question 22

A mathematical technique for computing the pattern of connectivity (or “wiring diagram”) from a set of correlations

Answer 22

Graph theory

Question 23

Wilder Penfield stimulated the brains of patients undergoing brain surgery for which neurological disorder? A) Alzheimer’s B) Epilepsy C) Multiple Sclerosis D) Depression

Answer 23

B) Epilepsy

Question 24

Which of the following researchers was the first to describe the nerve cell (in 1837)? A) Owaga B) Berger C) Purkinje D) Lauterber

Answer 24

C) Purkinje

Question 25

Descartes suggested that the mind and body interacted at which gland, located at the center of the brain? A) Pituitary B) Adrenal C) Thyroid D) Pineal

Answer 25

D) Pineal

Question 26

Which of the following statements about human connectomics is TRUE? A) The connectome map does not vary across individuals B) fMRI can be used to create connectome maps at the synaptic level C) There are more synaptic connections then there are DNA bases in the genome D) There is a known code for translating connectome maps into behaviour

Answer 26

C) There are more synaptic connections then there are DNA bases in the genome

Question 27

Which of the following was one of the two key assumptions of phrenology? A) The mind is located in the heart B) Different regions of the brain perform different functions C) Lines on a person's palms are indicative of their cognitive abilities D) Brain size is uncorrelated with differences in cognition and personality

Answer 27

B) Different regions of the brain perform different functions

Question 28

According to reductionism, psychology should, in the end, reduce to what type of construct? A) Sociological B) Prescriptive C) Computational D) Biological

Answer 28

D) Biological

Question 29

Broca is most associated with the localization of which broad category of functioning? A) Language B) Visual Perception C) Memory D) Reasoning

Answer 29

A) Language

Question 30

Cognitive neuropsychologists typically study which of the following populations to inform theories of normal cognition? A) Normally developing children B) Non-human primates C) Drug abusers D) Brain-damaged humans

Answer 30

D) Brain-damaged humans

Question 31

Psychology developed as a true discipline at the end of which century? A) Nineteenth B) Twentieth C) Eighteenth D) Seventeenth

Answer 31

A) Nineteenth

Question 32

In Broadbent’s (1958) serial box-and-arrow model of cognition what is the order of the components? A) Attention, LTM, STM B) Perception, Attention, STM C) STM, Perception, LTM D) Anterior, Dorsal, Posterior

Answer 32

B) Perception, Attention, STM

Question 33

Which term refers to the situation where later stages of processing begin before earlier stages are complete? A) Bileterality B) Dualism C) Serialism D) Interactivity

Answer 33

D) Interactivity

Question 34

The field of cognitive neuroscience has been relatively late in addressing which of the following topics? A) Vision B) Consciousness C) Audition D) Memory

Answer 34

B) Consciousness

Question 35

The responsiveness of a node in a computational model depends most directly on: A) The physical distance between nodes B) The overall activity contained within the model C) The weight of the connection to other nodes D) The number of nodes in the model

Answer 35

C) The weight of the connection to other nodes

Question 36

Pinker and Prince (1988) criticized neural network models largely on the grounds that they often: A) Ignore the role of serial processing B) Include hidden layers C) Were capable of doing things that real brains could not D) Don't make any testable predictions

Answer 36

C) Were capable of doing things that real brains could not

Question 37

Dehaene et al. (2001) incorporated the presentation of visual noise in their paradigm in order to do which of the following: A) Create a baseline fMRI condition B) Prevent participants form consciously perceiving the word just presented C) Block unconscious audio signalling from the experimenter D) Test for cross-modal effects of reaction time

Answer 37

D) Test for cross-modal effects of reaction time

Question 38

Which of the following techniques of cognitive neuroscience does NOT have a temporal resolution in the millisecond range? A) EEG B) TMS C) MEG D) fMRI

Answer 38

D) fMRI

Question 39

The term associated with neuroscience methods that are linked to blood supply to the brain are: A) Magnetic B) Hemodynamic C) Stimulation D) Invasive

Answer 39

B) Hemodynamic

Question 40

In the familiar computer analogy of cognitive psychology, it is thought to be possible to understand information processing without understanding the: A) Hardware B) Computational model C) Operating system D) Software

Answer 40

A) Hardware

Question 41

Who is credited with devising the (1983) theory of modularity? A) Fodor B) Karmiliff-Smith C) Gleitman D) Farah

Answer 41

A) Fodor

Question 42

What method of cognitive neuroscience is represented by the yellow circle depicted in the figure below? A) Single-cell recording B) Functional MRI C) Multi-unit recording D) PET

Answer 42

A) Single-cell recording