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Psyc3317 > Ch4: The imaged brain > Flashcards

Ch4: The imaged brain Flashcards

1
Q

Measures of the spatial configuration of different types of tissue in the brain (principally CT and MRI)

A

Structural imaging

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2
Q

Measures temporary changes in brain physiology associated with cognitive processing; the most common method is fMRI and is based on a hemodynamic measure

A

Functional imaging

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3
Q

A technique for segregating and measuring differences in white matter and gray matter concentration

A

Voxel-based morphometry (VBM)

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4
Q

A technique that uses MRI to measure white matter connectivity between brain regions

A

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

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5
Q

A measure of the extent to which diffusion takes place in some directions more than others

A

Fractional anisotropy (FA)

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6
Q

Blood oxygen-level dependent contrast; the signal measured in fMRI that relates to the concentration of deoxyhemoglobin in the blood

A

BOLD

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7
Q

Changes in the BOLD signal over time

A

Hemodynamic response function (HRF)

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8
Q

A type of experimental design in functional imaging in which activity in a control task is subtracted from activity in an experimental task

A

Cognitive subtraction

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9
Q

The assumption that adding a different component to a task does not change the operation of other components

A

Pure insertion (also pure deletion)

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10
Q

The effect of one variable upon another

A

Interactions

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11
Q

A motor signal used to predict sensory consequences of an action

A

Efference copy

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12
Q

The way in which different regions communicate with each other

A

Functional integration

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13
Q

A technique for measuring functional connectivity in which correlations between several regions (networks) are assessed while the participant is not performing any tasks

A

Resting-state paradigm

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14
Q

A set of brain regions that is more hemodynamically active during rest than during tasks

A

Default mode network

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15
Q

The mapping of individual differences in brain anatomy onto a standard template

A

Stereotactic normalization

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16
Q

Redistributing brain activity from neighbouring voxels to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio

A

Smoothing

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17
Q

A volume-based unit (cf. pixels, which are 2D); in imaging research, the brain is divided into many thousands of these

A

Voxel

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18
Q

Locations in the brain defined relative to the atlas of Talairach and Tournoux

A

Talairach coordinates

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19
Q

An approach for correcting for many statistical comparisons based on the number of tests being conducted

A

Family Wise Error (FWE)

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20
Q

An approach for correcting for many statistical comparisons based on the number of positive results obtained

A

False Discovery Rate (FDR)

21
Q

A reduction/suppression of the activity of a brain region (or a cognitive process), triggered by activity in another region/process

A

Inhibition

22
Q

An increase of the activity of a brain region (or a cognitive process), triggered by activity in another region/process

A

Excitation

23
Q

An increase in physiological processing in one condition relative to some other condition(s)

A

Activation

24
Q

A decrease in physiological processing in one condition relative to some other condition(s)

A

Deactivation

25
Q

A progressive loss of information from semantic memory

A

Semantic dementia

26
Q

Conceptually based knowledge about the world, including knowledge of people, places, the meaning of objects and words

A

Semantic memory

27
Q

An fMRI analysis method in which distributed patterns of activity are linked to cognitive processes

A

Multi-voxel pattern analysis (MVPA)

28
Q

A disorder of consciousness in which patients with severe brain damage are in a state of partial arousal

A

Vegetative state

29
Q

Which type of scan is typically used only in clinical settings? A) CT B) fMRI C) ERP D) MEG

A

A) CT

30
Q

Which imaging method measures the white matter connectivity between regions? A) DTI B) TMS C) VBM D) MEG

A

A) DTI

31
Q

Which of the following is a T2-weighted image of the brain?

A) First from the left

B) Second from the left

C) Third from the left

D) None of the above

A

C) Third from the left

32
Q

Protons from which type of molecule found in the human body form the main basis for the MRI signal?
A) CH4

B) H20

C) Amino Acids

D) Fats

A

B) H20

33
Q

The strength of the magnetic field in MRI is measured in which units?

A) Newtons

B) Microvolts

C) BOLD

D) Tesla

A

D) Tesla

34
Q

The primary images of interest formed in a functional MRI experiment are called:

A) T2*

B) T1

C) T2

D) T1*

A

A) T2*

35
Q

Which of the following techniques measures changes in blood flow directly?
A) MRI

B) fMRI

C) MEG

D) PET

A

D) PET

36
Q

The image below depicts which of the following?

A) Grey matter density

B) Undershoots

C) White matter tracts

D) Flagellum

A

C) White matter tracts

37
Q

An fMRI scan taken when a participant is given no stimuli or task instructions is called:

A) Multi-variate pattern analysis

B) Default mode

C) Resting-state

D) VBN

A

C) Resting-state

38
Q

Which stage of processing is omitted in multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA)?

A) Correction for head movement

B) Smoothing

C) Statistical inference

D) Masking

A

B) Smoothing

39
Q

The correct temporal ordering of the phases of the hemodynamic response function (HRF) is:

A) Vascularization; under-compensation; plateau

B) Overcompensation; undershoot; plateau

C) Initial dip; overcompensation; undershoot

D) Flooding; undershoot; latent peak

A

C) Initial dip; overcompensation; undershoot

40
Q

The principle of cognitive subtraction holds that it is possible to infer functionally specialized brain regions by:

A) Using TMS to temporarily ‘lesion’ areas of the healthy brain

B) Parametrically increasing cognitive load

C) Identifying regions activated by an experimental, but not baseline, task

D) Comparing behavior of brain-damaged participants with healthy controls

A

C) Identifying regions activated by an experimental, but not baseline, task

41
Q

Functional integration is most closely associated with which of the following?

A) Localization

B) Effective connectivity

C) Pure insertion

D) Functional specialization

A

B) Effective connectivity

42
Q

Which of the following statements about fNIRS (functional near-infrared spectroscopy) is TRUE?

A) It is less portable than fMRI

B) It measures a BOLD response

C) It has a temporal resolution similar to EEG

D) It involves the use of radioactive isotopes

A

B) It measures a BOLD response

43
Q

Talairach coordinates define locations in the brain according to x, y, and z values, with the origin lying at a region called the:

A) Anterior commissure

B) Parahippocampal gyrus

C) Sylvian fissure

D) Basal ganglia

A

A) Anterior commissure

44
Q

The process of smoothing spreads the raw activation of a given voxel to neighboring voxels according to which function?

A) Gaussian distribution

B) Band pass

C) Exponential

D) Logarithmic

A

A) Gaussian distribution

45
Q

By choosing a more conservative significance level (P value) in neuroimaging analysis, one runs the risk of failing to detect true regions of activation, an error known as:

A) Type II

B) Bonferroni

C) Type I

D) Random field

A

C) Type I

46
Q

When the presynaptic neuron is active, causing the postsynaptic neuron to switch off, this particular neuronal interaction is best described as:

A) Inhibitory

B) Transitory

C) Excitatory

D) Sensory

A

A) Inhibitory

47
Q

According to Farah et al. (2014) how good is fMRI at separating truthful versus deceitful answers?

A) Between 90% and 100%

B) Between 50% and 69%

C) At chance

D) Between 69% and 100%

A

D) Between 69% and 100%

48
Q

The study by Miyawaki et al. (2008) measured the pattern of activity over which brain region to determine what letters participants were viewing?

A) Frontal lobe

B) Fusiform gyrus

C) Amygdala

D) V1

A

D) V1

Psyc3317 (7 decks)

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