Ch4: The imaged brain

Question 1

Measures of the spatial configuration of different types of tissue in the brain (principally CT and MRI)

Answer 1

Structural imaging

Question 2

Measures temporary changes in brain physiology associated with cognitive processing; the most common method is fMRI and is based on a hemodynamic measure

Answer 2

Functional imaging

Question 3

A technique for segregating and measuring differences in white matter and gray matter concentration

Answer 3

Voxel-based morphometry (VBM)

Question 4

A technique that uses MRI to measure white matter connectivity between brain regions

Answer 4

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

Question 5

A measure of the extent to which diffusion takes place in some directions more than others

Answer 5

Fractional anisotropy (FA)

Question 6

Blood oxygen-level dependent contrast; the signal measured in fMRI that relates to the concentration of deoxyhemoglobin in the blood

Answer 6

BOLD

Question 7

Changes in the BOLD signal over time

Answer 7

Hemodynamic response function (HRF)

Question 8

A type of experimental design in functional imaging in which activity in a control task is subtracted from activity in an experimental task

Answer 8

Cognitive subtraction

Question 9

The assumption that adding a different component to a task does not change the operation of other components

Answer 9

Pure insertion (also pure deletion)

Question 10

The effect of one variable upon another

Answer 10

Interactions

Question 11

A motor signal used to predict sensory consequences of an action

Answer 11

Efference copy

Question 12

The way in which different regions communicate with each other

Answer 12

Functional integration

Question 13

A technique for measuring functional connectivity in which correlations between several regions (networks) are assessed while the participant is not performing any tasks

Answer 13

Resting-state paradigm

Question 14

A set of brain regions that is more hemodynamically active during rest than during tasks

Answer 14

Default mode network

Question 15

The mapping of individual differences in brain anatomy onto a standard template

Answer 15

Stereotactic normalization

Question 16

Redistributing brain activity from neighbouring voxels to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio

Answer 16

Smoothing

Question 17

A volume-based unit (cf. pixels, which are 2D); in imaging research, the brain is divided into many thousands of these

Answer 17

Voxel

Question 18

Locations in the brain defined relative to the atlas of Talairach and Tournoux

Answer 18

Talairach coordinates

Question 19

An approach for correcting for many statistical comparisons based on the number of tests being conducted

Answer 19

Family Wise Error (FWE)

Question 20

An approach for correcting for many statistical comparisons based on the number of positive results obtained

Answer 20

False Discovery Rate (FDR)

Question 21

A reduction/suppression of the activity of a brain region (or a cognitive process), triggered by activity in another region/process

Answer 21

Inhibition

Question 22

An increase of the activity of a brain region (or a cognitive process), triggered by activity in another region/process

Answer 22

Excitation

Question 23

An increase in physiological processing in one condition relative to some other condition(s)

Answer 23

Activation

Question 24

A decrease in physiological processing in one condition relative to some other condition(s)

Answer 24

Deactivation

Question 25

A progressive loss of information from semantic memory

Answer 25

Semantic dementia

Question 26

Conceptually based knowledge about the world, including knowledge of people, places, the meaning of objects and words

Answer 26

Semantic memory

Question 27

An fMRI analysis method in which distributed patterns of activity are linked to cognitive processes

Answer 27

Multi-voxel pattern analysis (MVPA)

Question 28

A disorder of consciousness in which patients with severe brain damage are in a state of partial arousal

Answer 28

Vegetative state

Question 29

Which type of scan is typically used only in clinical settings? A) CT B) fMRI C) ERP D) MEG

Answer 29

A) CT

Question 30

Which imaging method measures the white matter connectivity between regions? A) DTI B) TMS C) VBM D) MEG

Answer 30

A) DTI

Question 31

Which of the following is a T2-weighted image of the brain? A) First from the left B) Second from the left C) Third from the left D) None of the above

Answer 31

C) Third from the left

Question 32

Protons from which type of molecule found in the human body form the main basis for the MRI signal? A) CH4 B) H20 C) Amino Acids D) Fats

Answer 32

B) H20

Question 33

The strength of the magnetic field in MRI is measured in which units? A) Newtons B) Microvolts C) BOLD D) Tesla

Answer 33

D) Tesla

Question 34

The primary images of interest formed in a functional MRI experiment are called: A) T2\* B) T1 C) T2 D) T1\*

Answer 34

A) T2\*

Question 35

Which of the following techniques measures changes in blood flow directly? A) MRI B) fMRI C) MEG D) PET

Answer 35

D) PET

Question 36

The image below depicts which of the following? A) Grey matter density B) Undershoots C) White matter tracts D) Flagellum

Answer 36

C) White matter tracts

Question 37

An fMRI scan taken when a participant is given no stimuli or task instructions is called: A) Multi-variate pattern analysis B) Default mode C) Resting-state D) VBN

Answer 37

C) Resting-state

Question 38

Which stage of processing is omitted in multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA)? A) Correction for head movement B) Smoothing C) Statistical inference D) Masking

Answer 38

B) Smoothing

Question 39

The correct temporal ordering of the phases of the hemodynamic response function (HRF) is: A) Vascularization; under-compensation; plateau B) Overcompensation; undershoot; plateau C) Initial dip; overcompensation; undershoot D) Flooding; undershoot; latent peak

Answer 39

C) Initial dip; overcompensation; undershoot

Question 40

The principle of cognitive subtraction holds that it is possible to infer functionally specialized brain regions by: A) Using TMS to temporarily 'lesion' areas of the healthy brain B) Parametrically increasing cognitive load C) Identifying regions activated by an experimental, but not baseline, task D) Comparing behavior of brain-damaged participants with healthy controls

Answer 40

C) Identifying regions activated by an experimental, but not baseline, task

Question 41

Functional integration is most closely associated with which of the following? A) Localization B) Effective connectivity C) Pure insertion D) Functional specialization

Answer 41

B) Effective connectivity

Question 42

Which of the following statements about fNIRS (functional near-infrared spectroscopy) is TRUE? A) It is less portable than fMRI B) It measures a BOLD response C) It has a temporal resolution similar to EEG D) It involves the use of radioactive isotopes

Answer 42

B) It measures a BOLD response

Question 43

Talairach coordinates define locations in the brain according to x, y, and z values, with the origin lying at a region called the: A) Anterior commissure B) Parahippocampal gyrus C) Sylvian fissure D) Basal ganglia

Answer 43

A) Anterior commissure

Question 44

The process of smoothing spreads the raw activation of a given voxel to neighboring voxels according to which function? A) Gaussian distribution B) Band pass C) Exponential D) Logarithmic

Answer 44

A) Gaussian distribution

Question 45

By choosing a more conservative significance level (P value) in neuroimaging analysis, one runs the risk of failing to detect true regions of activation, an error known as: A) Type II B) Bonferroni C) Type I D) Random field

Answer 45

C) Type I

Question 46

When the presynaptic neuron is active, causing the postsynaptic neuron to switch off, this particular neuronal interaction is best described as: A) Inhibitory B) Transitory C) Excitatory D) Sensory

Answer 46

A) Inhibitory

Question 47

According to Farah et al. (2014) how good is fMRI at separating truthful versus deceitful answers? A) Between 90% and 100% B) Between 50% and 69% C) At chance D) Between 69% and 100%

Answer 47

D) Between 69% and 100%

Question 48

The study by Miyawaki et al. (2008) measured the pattern of activity over which brain region to determine what letters participants were viewing? A) Frontal lobe B) Fusiform gyrus C) Amygdala D) V1

Answer 48

D) V1