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Psyc3317 > Ch2: Intro to the brain > Flashcards

Ch2: Intro to the brain Flashcards

1
Q

A type of cell that makes up the nervous system and supports, among other things, cognitive function

A

Neuron

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2
Q

Part of the neuron containing the nucleus and other organelles

A

Cell body

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3
Q

Branching structures that carry information from other neurons

A

Dendrites

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4
Q

A branching structure that carries information to other neurons and transmits an action potential

A

Axon

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5
Q

The small gap between neurons in which neurotransmitters are released, permitting signaling between neurons

A

Synapse

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6
Q

A sudden change (depolarization and repolarization) in the electrical properties of the neuron membrane in an axon, that forms the basis for how neurons code information (in the form of the rate and synchrony of action potentials)

A

Action potential

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7
Q

Chemical signals that are released by one neuron and affect the properties of other neurons

A

Neurotransmitters

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8
Q

A fatty substance that is deposited around the axon of some neurons that speeds conduction

A

Myelin

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9
Q

Matter consisting primarily of neuronal cell bodies

A

Gray matter

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10
Q

Tissue of the nervous system consisting primarily of axons and support cells

A

White matter

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11
Q

Support cells of the nervous system involved in tissue repair and in the formation of myelin (among other functions)

A

Glia

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12
Q

A large white matter tract that connects the two hemispheres

A

Corpus callosum

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13
Q

The hollow chambers of the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid

A

Ventricles

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14
Q

Towards the front

A

Anterior

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15
Q

Towards the back

A

Posterior

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16
Q

Towards the top

A

Superior (dorsal)

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17
Q

Towards the bottom

A

Inferior (ventral)

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18
Q

The outer part (cf. medial)

A

Lateral

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19
Q

In or towards the middle

A

Medial

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20
Q

The raised folds of the cortex

A

Gyri (gyrus = singular)

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21
Q

The buried grooves of the cortex

A

Sulci (sulcus = singular)

22
Q

Regions of cortex defined by the relative distribution of cell types across cortical layers (cytoarchitecture)

A

Brodmann’s areas

23
Q

Regions of subcortical gray matter involved in aspects of motor control, skill learning, and reward learning; they consist of structures such as the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus

A

Basal ganglia

24
Q

A region of subcortex involved in relating the organism to its present and past environment; limbic structures include the amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate cortex, and mamillary bodies

A

Limbic system

25
Q

A major subcortical relay center; for instance, it is a processing station between all sensory organs (except smell) and the cortex

A

Thalamus

26
Q

Consists of a variety of nuclei that are specialized for different functions that are primarily concerned with the body and its regulation

A

Hypothalamus

27
Q

A midbrain nucleus that forms part of a subcortical sensory pathway involved in programming fast eye movements

A

Superior colliculi

28
Q

A midbrain nucleus that forms part of a subcortical auditory pathway

A

Inferior colliculi

29
Q

Structure attached to the hindbrain; important for dexterity and smooth execution of movement

A

Cerebellum

30
Q

Part of the hindbrain; a key link between the cerebellum and the cerebrum

A

Pons

31
Q

Part of the hindbrain; it regulates vital functions such as breathing, swallowing, heart rate, and the wake–sleep cycle

A

Medulla oblongata

32
Q

Which of the following populations tends to have LARGER brains than average?

A) Autistic people
B) Alzheimer’s patients
C) The malnourished
D) Women

A

A) Autistic people

33
Q

A brain slice along the horizontal plane is commonly referred to as a/an:
A) Dorsal section
B) Axial section
C) Sagittal section
D) Coronal section

A

B) Axial section

34
Q

The branching structures of neurons that carry information from other neurons are called:
A) Somas
B) Hillocks
C) Cell bodies
D) Dendrites

A

D) Dendrites

35
Q

The points along the axon at which myelin is absent are called:
A) Organelles
B) Nodes of Ranvier
C) Ventricles
D) Voltage-gated Na+ channels

A

B) Nodes of Ranvier

36
Q

Another term for the posterior aspect of the brain is:
A) Dorsal
B) Caudal
C) Rostral
D) Inferior

A

B) Caudal

37
Q

The dips or folds in the brain are called:
A) Lobules
B) Lobes
C) Sulci
D) Gyri

A

C) Sulci

38
Q

The neocortex consists of how many main cortical layers?
A) 6
B) 8
C) 5
D) 3

A

A) 6

39
Q

The lateral dividing line between the frontal and temporal lobes is called the:
A) Cingulate fissure
B) Middle frontal gyrus
C) Sylvian fissure
D) Inferior frontal gyrus

A

C) Sylvian fissure

40
Q

The island of cortex buried underneath the temporal lobe is called the:
A) Precuneus
B) Insula
C) Hippocampus
D) Uncus

A

B) Insula

41
Q

Brodmann area 17 represents a functional region often referred to as the:
A) Planning region
B) Primary motor
C) Primary visual cortex
D) Diencephalon

A

C) Primary visual cortex

42
Q

Which of the following parts of the limbic system has been implicated most in the detection of fearful or threatening stimuli?
A) Mamillary bodies
B) Hippocampus
C) Olfactory bulbs
D) Amygdala

A

​D) Amygdala

43
Q

Disorders of the basal ganglia can be characterized as:
A) Hypokinetic
B) Psychosomatic
C) Transient
D) Associative

A

A) Hypokinetic

44
Q

The part of the brain thought of as the main sensory relay for most senses is called the:
A) Fornix
B) Thalamus
C) Medulla
D) Globus Pallidus

A

B) Thalamus

45
Q

The hypothalamus is primarily concerned with:
A) Memory
B) Sensory processing
C) Breathing and swallowing
D) Regulation of the body

A

D) Regulation of the body

46
Q

The inferior colliculi are specialized for what type of processing?
A) Visual
B) Auditory
C) Tactile
D) Olfactory

A

B) Auditory

47
Q

Which region of the hindbrain literally means “little brain” and, if extensively damaged, can lead to deficits such as dysarthria and nystagmus?
A) Cerebellum
B) Superior colliculi
C) Anterior cingulate cortex
D) Medulla Oblongata

A

A) Cerebellum

48
Q

The fluid filling the brain’s ventricles is called:
A) Bile
B) Cerebrospinal fluid
C) Glia
D) Aqueous humour

A

B) Cerebrospinal fluid

49
Q

Which of the following neurotransmitters is inhibitory?
A) GABA
B) Glutamate
C) Dopamine
D) Acetylcholine

A

A) GABA

50
Q

The type of white matter tract, depicted below, connecting cortical structures across different hemispheres is called:
A) Association tract
B) projection tract
C) Commissure
D) Feedback loop

A

C) Commissure

51
Q

Which of the following neurotransmitters typically has an inhibitory effect on postsynaptic neurons?
A) Acetylcholine
B) GABA
C) Dura mater
D) Glutamate

A

B) GABA

Psyc3317 (7 decks)

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