CH5 Nervous, Muscular, Skeletal Systems Flashcards
Human movement system (HMS)
 The collective of structures that work together to move the body, i.e. muscular, skeletal, and nervous systems
Central nervous system (CNS)
Division of the nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Nerves that connects the rest of the body to the CNS
Afferent pathway
Sensory pathway that relays info to the CNS
Efferent pathway
Motor pathway that relays info from the CNS to the rest of the body 
Mechanoreceptors
Structures that respond to touch and pressure within tissues and send that signal through sensory nerves 
Somatic nervous system
Nerves serving the outer areas of the body and skeletal muscle. responsible for voluntary control of movement.
Autonomic nervous system
Part of peripheral nervous system, that gives neural input to organs to run the involuntary processes of the body
Sympathetic nervous system
Sub division of the autonomic nervous system that works to increase neural activity and put the body in a heightened state
Parasympathetic nervous system
Sub division of the autonomic nervous system that works to decrease neural activity and put the body in a more relaxed state
Proprioception
The bodies ability to sense it’s general orientation relative to the position of its parts
Muscle spindles
Sensory receptors that are sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change
Golgi tendon organ
Sensitive to changes in muscular tension and rate of tension change
A sensory receptor located at the point where skeletal muscle fibers insert into the tendons of skeletal muscle.
Three stages of motor skill development
(1) cognitive: simple instructions, breakdown, skill into smaller steps
(2) associative: refine client skills through practice and regular feedback
(3) autonomous: teach new versions of skill to further challenge
Skeletal system
206 bones of which 177 are used in voluntary movement
Axial skeleton
Consisting of skull, rib cage, and vertebral column. 80 bones.
Appendicular skeleton
Consisting of arms, legs, and pelvic girdle. 126 bones
Remodeling
Bone constantly renewed by re-absorption information of bone structure
Osteoclasts
Cells that break down and remove old bone tissue
Osteoblasts
Cells that form and lay down new bone tissue
Types of bones
Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid
Long bone
Long cylindrical shaft with a regular or widened ends
Long bone example
Humorous, femur
Short bone
Similar in length and width look kind of cubicle in shape
Carpals of the wrist, tarsals of the ankle
Short bone example
Flat bone
Thin, protective services, providing broad surface for muscles to attach
Flat bone example
Scapula, sternum, ribs
Irregular bone
Unique shape and function from all other bones
Vertebrae
Irregular bone example
Sesamoid bone
Small, round bones, embedded in joint capsule or found where tendon passes over joint
Sesamoid bone example
Patella
Depressions
Flattened or indented portion of bone
Processes
Projections protruding from the bone, where tendons and ligaments can attach
Segments of vertebral column
Cervical spine, thoracic, spine, lumbar spine, sacrum, coCoccyx
Cervical spine
First seven vertebrae, starting at top of spinal column
Form, flexible framework provide support and motion for head
Thoracic spine
12 vertebrae located upper and middle back behind ribs
Each vertebrae articulate with the rib helping form rear anchor of rib cage
Larger than cervical vertebrae,
increase in size from top to bottom
Lumbar spine
Five vertebrae of the low back below thoracic spine
Largest segments in spinal column
Support most of the bodies weight attached to many back muscles.
Sacrum
Triangular bone located below the lumbar spine
Compose to five vertebrae fused together as a body develops into adulthood
Coccyx
Below the sacrum
aka tailbone
 Made of 3 to 5 small fused bones
 Osteokinematics
Movement of limb that is visible
Anthro kinematics
Description of joint service movement (roll slide spin)
Synovial joints
a joint with fluid filled joint capsule
Nonaxial
Gliding joint that moves in only one plane,
back and forth or side to side
Non-synovial joints
Joints having no joint capsule, fibrous, connective, tissue, or cartilage in the uniting structure
Types of muscles
Skeletal, cardiac, smooth
Skeletal muscle
Muscle tissue that connects to Barnes and generate force creating movement
Facia
Connective tissue that surrounds muscles and bones
Epimysium
Inner layer fascia surrounding entire muscle, a.k.a. deep fascia
Fascicles
Largest bundle of fibers in muscle. Surrounded by parimysium. 
Parimysium
Connective tissue surrounding muscle fascicle
Endomysium
Connective tissue wrapping around individual muscle fibers within a fascicle
Tendons
Connect muscle to bones
overstretched or torn = strain
Ligaments
Connect phone to bones
Overstretched or torn=sprain
Myofibrils
Contractile components of muscle cell
Myofilaments are contained within this .
Myofilaments
Elements of myofibril
Actin and myosin
Actin
Thin, stringlike myofilaments
Acts along with myosin to produce contraction
Myosin
Thick my filament
Acts with Actin to produce contraction
Sarcomere
Structural unit of myofibril made of actin and myosin between two z lines
Motor unit
Motor neuron, and all the muscle fibers that it supplies
Sliding filament theory
 Myosin and actin slide past one, another producing contraction, shortening entire length of sarcomere
Type 1 muscle fibers
Slow twitch
Small In size
Low force
Resistant to fatigue
type 2 muscle fibers
Larger in size
High force
Fast fatigue
