(Ch.5) Molecules & Compounds Flashcards by Ophelia Grace

Describe the Law of Constant Composition.

Compounds display constant composition. This means any sample of a compound will have the same ratio of atoms within it.
(ex. H20= 8.0 grams of O:1.0 gram of H)

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What will be left if a compound decomposes?

Their original elements will remain.

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What is a Chemical Formula?

A chemical formula represents the number and type of atoms in a compound.
(ex. H20, 2 hydrogen, 1 oxygen)

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How do we decide what atom is listed first when writing compounds? There are two rules.

Metals are listed first.
The more metallic element is listed first.

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How do you determine which element is “more metallic?”

The element further to the bottom. (vertically)
The element further to the left. (horizontally)

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Describe a Empirical Formula.

This formula shows the simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound.
(ex. HO instead of H2O2, just a simplified ratio)

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What are the two primary types of Chemical Formulas?

Empirical Formulas
Molecular Formulas

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What is a Polyatomic Ion?

These are groups of atoms that act as a unit and have a charge. (Ion with more than one atom)

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Describe a Molecular Formula.

This formula shows the actual number of atoms of each element in a compound.
(ex. H2O2 instead of HO)
(This is a kind of Chemical Formula)

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What are the four primary models/formulas used to represent a molecule?

The Molecular Formula
The Structural Formula
The Ball & Stick Model
The Space-Filling Model.

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Describe the Structural Formula.

This model shows each atoms ARE connected to one another, along with how many of each they are.
H
H-C-H
H

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Describe the Ball and Stick Model.

This model helps us visualize the molecules SHAPE. The atoms are balls and the bonds are sticks.

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Describe the Space-Filling Model.

This is our best representation of how atoms actually look. Making molecules look like a bunch of large circles stuffed together.

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Elements have two subcategories. What are they?

Atomic Elements
Molecular Elements

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Compounds have two subcategories. What are they?

Ionic Compounds
Molecular Compounds

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What is a Molecular Compound? What is their base unit?

These are compounds composed of 2 or more NON-metals.
Molecules

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What is an Ionic Compound? What is their base unit?

These are compounds composed of a metal and a non-metal.
Formula Unit

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How do you differentiate between an Atomic and Molecular Element?

Atomic Elements have singular atoms as their base unit.
Molecular Elements are Diatomic- meaning they always naturally appear in pairs as their base unit.

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What is a Diatomic Molecule?

This is the base unit of a Molecular Element.

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There are seven naturally occurring Diatomic Molecules. What are they?

BO(o) FINCH
-Bromine
-Oxygen
-Fluorine
-Iodine
-Nitrogen
-Chlorine
-Hydrogen

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Describe electron transfer and charges in a ionic compound.

Metals typically loose electrons, non-metals typically suck up electrons.
SO…the metal gives up it’s electron(s) to the non metal.
Metal (+) cation
Non-metal (-) anion

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How do you write a chemical formula for ionic compounds?
Ex. What is the formula of the ionic compound formed from Al(3+) and N(3-)?

You switch the charges of each ions and place them as the other’s subscript.
Al(3)N(3)~ AlN

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What are the two types of Ionic Compounds?

Type I Binary
Type II Binary

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What is a Type I Binary Ionic Compound?

This is where the charge on the cation (metal atom/s) does not vary.

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What is a Type II Binary Ionic Compound?

The charge on the cation (metal) does vary.

What is a polyatomic atom?

a bonded group of atoms with a charge

Differentiate between a Type I Binary/ Type II Binary Ionic Compound.

T1: The cation doesn't vary. T2: The cation varies.

What is the formula for naming a Type I Binary Ionic Compound? Ex. MgO, CaO, AlS

1. (name of the cation + base name of the anion + ide) 2. magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, aluminum sulfide ps. The cation is the name of the more metallic element. Then it's the the base name of the non-metallic element.

What is the naming formula for a Type II Binary Ionic Compound? (without any polyatomic ions) Ex. CuCl2, FeN2, HgCl

1. (name of the cation+ charge of the cation + base name of the anion+ide.) 2. Copper II Chloride, Iron II Nitride, Magnesium II Chloride

What are the primary five ions with variable charge? List their chemical symbols as well.

1. (Fe) Iron 2. (Cu) Copper 3. (Sn) Tin 4. (Pb) Lead 5. (Hg) Mercury

What is an Oxyanion?

A negatively charged ion that contains oxygen.

What is the naming pattern of an ionic compound w/polyatomic atoms? ex. Al2(SO4)3

(name of the cation + Type I or II + name of anion/polyatomic atom+ ite/ate) ex. Aluminum Sulfate

Name the polyatomic ions and their charges. NO3 NO2

1. Nitrate (-) (higher charge="ate") 2. Nitrite (-) (lower charge="ite")

Name the polyatomic ions and their charges. PO4 H2PO4 HPO4

1. Phosphate (-3) ♥️ 2. Dihydrogen Phosphate (-) 3. Hydrogen Phosphate (-2)

Name the polyatomic ions and their charges. SO4 HSO4 SO3

1. Sulfate (-2) 2. Hydrogen Sulfate (-) 3. Sulfite (-2) ♥️ Is there a pattern to their charges?

Name the polyatomic ions and their charges. CO3 HCO3

1. Carbonate (2-) 2. Hydrogen Carbonate (-)

Name the polyatomic ions and their charges. CIO CIO2 CIO3 CIO4

1. Hypochlorite (-) 2. Chlorite (-) 3. Chlorate (-) 4. Perchlorate (-) ♥️ Why do these all have the same charge if there are different number of oxygen atoms?

Name the polyatomic ions and their charges. NH4 OH CN C2H3O2

1. Ammonium Ion (+) ♥️ 2. Hydroxide (-) 3. Cyanide (-) 4. Acetate (-)

What is the typical naming pattern for polyatomic atoms?

Hypo_____ite ___________ite ___________ate Per_______ate

What is the naming pattern of ions with variable charge?

The ion with a higher charge ends with "ic". The ion with the lower charge ends with "ous."

Fe (Iron) has variable charges. What are it's two variations?

1. Fe II (+2) Ferrous 2. Fe III (+3) Ferric (positive charge cuz it's a metal)

Cu (Copper) has variable charges. What are it's two variations?

1. Cu I (+) Cuprous 2. Cu II (2+) Cupric

Sn (Tin) has variable charges. What are it's two variations?

1. Tin II (2+) Stannous 2. Tin IV (+4) Stannic

Pb (Lead) has variable charges. What are it's two variations?

1. Pb II (2+) Plumbous 2. Pb IV (4+) Plumbic

Hg (Mercury) has variable charges. What are it's two variations?

1. Hg2 I (2+) Mercurous 2. Hg II (2+) Mercuric

What would you name a molecular compound?

A Type III Binary Compound.♥️

What is the naming pattern of a molecular compound?

(prefix + name of the first element + prefix + base name of the second element + ide) the prefix tells you the number of atoms!

What is the purpose of the prefix in molecular compounds?

It lets you know the number of atoms in each element.

What are the prefixe for 1-10?

1. Mono 2. Di 3. Tri 4. Tetra 5. Penta 6. Hexa 7. Hepta 8. Octa 9. Nona 10. Deca

These are molecular compounds... how would you say them? 1. N2O3 2. P7S8 4. BCl4

1. Dinitrogen trioxide 2. Heptaphosphorus octasulfide 3. Boron tetrachloride

What is an acid?

A molecular compound that produces H+ ions in water.

What are the two types of acids?

1. Binary Acids 2. Oxyacids

When we are given an acid what is our first step?

Determine if the acid is a Binary or Oxy acid.

What is a Binary Acid? Give an example.

1. An acid that includes hydrogen and another non-metal. 2. (ex. HCl=hydrochloric acid)

What is an Oxyacid?

An acid that includes oxygen, hydrogen, and a non-metal.

What is the naming convention for Binary Acids? ex. HF HI HBr

1. (hydro + base name of the non-metal + "ic" + acid) 2. (ex. Hydrofluoric acid) (ex. Hydroiodic acid) (ex. Hydrobromic acid)

What are the two exceptions for Binary Acids that he gave us?

1. HCN- hydrocyanic acid (because CN is cyanide) 2. H2S- hydrosulfuric acid (rather than hydrosulfic acid, cuz that would make too much sense)

What is the naming pattern for an Oxyacid? Give an example.

1. If the name of the oxyanion ends in "ite" (base name of oxyanion + "ous" + acid) If the name of the oxyanion ends in "ate" (base name of oxyanion+ "ic" + acid) 2. HNO2, the oxyanion is NO2. This is called nitrous acid. ------------- HNO3, the oxyanion is NO3. This is called nitric acid.

What are the two exceptions for Oxyacids?

1. H3PO3- phosphorus acid H3PO4- phosphoric acid 2. H2SO3- sulfurous acid H2SO4- sulfuric acid (They both just flow better this way I suppose?) ♥️

What is a Hydrate?

Any compound that contains water.

What does it mean to be Hygroscopic?

This means a compound absorbs water from it's surroundings.

What does a hydrate look like? What is the naming pattern for a hydrate?

1. BaCl2 (2H2O)- Barium Chloride Dihydrate 2. (name of the compound + # of water molecules + hydrate)

What is the common name for a diatomic molecule?

A molecular element.

Write a formula for the compound that forms between Sr and Br.

SrBr2- Bromine is written as Br2 as it is a diatomic molecule/molecular compound.

What is the formula for chlorite?

ClO2

Name the compound CrCl3.

1. This is an ionic compound. 2. Cr, Chromium has various charges 3. What is the charge of Cl3? (Cl=-1, Cl3=-3) So, Cr has a charge of 3+, thus being Cr (III); add the ide cuz it's a compound. ANSWER: Chromium (III) Chloride