Ch.5 Ethical and Human Rights Concerns in Global Health Flashcards
What is the Universal declaration of human rights and where was it first introduced ?
- First introduced in Paris at the united nations general assembly
- it is a agreement that governments are obliged to respect , protect and fulfill the rights they state
How does the rights based approach help with ?
- The right based approach encourages us to take an inclusive view to whats needed to promote population health for example having enough doctors,
What are some limits to human rights ?
- Circumstances in which someone rights may be suspended , for example outbreak of an emerging or reemerging disease.
What are some human rights associated with HIV/AIDS?
- Protecting the rights of people who are HIV positive to employment , schooling and participation in social activates
- Ensuring access to care
- Policies regarding testing
- Protection of confidentiality
Who were the subjects of the Nazi Medical experiment and was it deemed ethical ?
- Euthanasia victims , prisoners of war , occupants of concentration camps
- The international Scientific commission investigated and documented the abuses after war and the results were deemed unethical to use.
Who was responsible for the Tuskegee study and how were the patients treated ?
- The US public health service conducted a study on the natural history of syphilis in African American men
- Study went on for 40 years and the subjects were never given the proper treatment.
What is the Nuremberg code?
- It was the first document to specify ethical principles that should guide physicians engaged in human research
- “Voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential”
What is the declaration of Helsinki and who developed it ?
- It is the most influential and most cited set of international research ethics guidelines.
- The World Medical Association developed this principle to guide physicians/non-physicians
conducting biomedical research on humans
What is the Belmont report and who developed it ?
- The US national commission for the protection of Human subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral research developed this report
- it identified basic ethical principles and also developed research guidelines
Every clinical research protocol must satisfy at least which six conditions ?
- Social values : society in general should see some benefit in the research
- Scientific Validity : Research should be completed accurately and it should be measuring the things its meant to measure.
- Fair subject selection : These benefits and burden in the research should be equally distributed among research participants in the study
- Acceptable risk/benefit ratio : Maximize the social value that the research is going to have for the population while minimizing the risk to the population
- Informed consent : Participant have to give their consent after they have been made fully aware of whats going on and have to be aware of the full benefits and risk
- Respect for enrolled subjects : They have to respect their confidentiality.
Is it acceptable to treat patients with a placebo effect method even if we know there is proper treatment ?
NO
Why is a Human Research Ethics Board (HRVE) crucial to have as oversight ?
- They ensure safeguard against exploitation
- It is also a legal requirement in most countries to undergo independent ethical review by a research ethics committee if human subjects are involved
Why is the cost effectiveness analysis sometimes not sufficient ?
- Because it does not take into account variables and human factors
What are the 4 principles when it comes to distributing scarce resources ?
- Health Maximization
- Equality
- Priority to the worst off
- Personal responsibility
