Ch.3 Global Burden of Disease Flashcards
Why is it important to measure the burden of disease ?
- We measure it to attempt to construct a single indicator to compare how far countries are from the state of good health
While measuring the burden of disease what would it take into account ?
- Morbidity , mortality , and disability and also age ,gender , and region so it allows for comparison across regions.
What is the Health Adjusted Life Expectancy (HALE) and how is it calculated ?
- The number of years a person of a given age can expect to live in good health , taking account of mortality and disability
- This is calculated by subtracting the number of years of ill health according to the severity from the overall life expectancy.
What is Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY) and how is it calculated ?
- The sum of years lost due to premature death and years lived disability.
- This is calculated by subtracting the age at which one dies and ones life expectancy at that age
What are some overall patterns and trends seen in the burden of disease ?
- People are living longer in much of the world
- Globally , women live 5 years longer than men
- Last 4 decades there have been significant declines in communicable , maternal , neonatal, and nutritional causes of death
- Mortality rates have decreased , particularly for children under 5
In high income countries what are the top 3 causes of death in 2016 ?
- Ischemic heart disease
- ALzheimer’s disease and other dementias
- Stroke
In upper middle income countries what are the top 3 causes of death in 2016?
- Ischemic heart disease
- Stroke
3.COPD
In lower middle income countries what are the top 3 causes of death in 2016?
- Ischemic heart disease
- Stroke
- Diarrheal diseases
In low income countries what are the top 3 causes of death in 2016?
- Lower Respiratory infections
- Ischemic heart disease
- Diarrheal diseases
How has the leading cause of death changed from 1990 to 2016 ?
The top 2 are still Ischemic heart disease and stroke but in 1990 the third one was Lower respiratory infections and in 2016 it is COPD
Where has the majority of growth been projected in the world ?
- The majority of growth will occur in low and middle income countries especially in sub Saharan Africa. High income countries are below replacement fertility meaning their birth rate is not enough to replace the older generation with the new one.
What is the elderly support ratio ?
- This is the ratio between the number of people aged 15-65 years, compared to the number of people over 65
How does urbanization affect health?
- Since most of the global population lives in urban areas , it puts pressure on urban infrastructure , such as water and sanitation, schools and health services and a gap om infrastructure can have negative consequences for health.
Describe the demographic transition
-This is when a country transitions from a high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates but also shows population growth between the transition.
- It also brings improved hygiene and nutrition.
Describe the Epidemiologic transition
- It starts with high and fluctuating mortality , related to poor health conditions , epidemics and famine
- Then it starts to decline in mortality as epidemics become less frequent
- Finally more decline in mortality shows increase in life expectancy and the predominance of noncommunicable disease
