Ch.4 Health, Education, Equity and the Economy Flashcards
What are intergenerational links ?
- Its when parents health and education affects their children’s
How does health affect ones earning ?
- Good health increases longevity and lifetime earnings
- Healthy workers are more productive than unhealthy workers
- When ill , many people cannot work and therefore cannot earn money
What can poor health cost ?
- The cost of poor health or illness can cause individuals to dispose of assest and fall into poverty
What is equity ?
- Differences in health that are not only unnecessary and avoidable , but also unfair and unjust.
What is inequality ?
- Differences in health status or in the distribution of health determinants between different population groups
What are health disparities ?
- A type of difference in health that is closely linked with social or economic disadvantage
What are some common patterns in health disparities ?
- Less well off people with less social and political power , will generally have worse health , poorer services and less fairness and protection for financing health
What are generally some examples of less well off groups ?
- Ethnic and religious minorities
- Rural area residents
- women
- indigenous people
- those working in the informal sector
- less educated
- other marginalized groups , such as LGBT
What are income quintiles ?
- Its when we divide the population into 5 equal groups ranging from the least well off to the best well off
What is higher income associated with ?
- Better education, housing , water access, sanitation, hygiene and health services and safer work environments
What are some health disparities in general for gender ?
- Women face health concerns related to their diminished place in many societies
- ex. less food for female children , lower enrollment in school and violence against women
How does financial fairness play a role in health disparities ?
- Relative costs of those health services is much greater for the poor , which raises equity issues
How does the health expenditure used in high income countries and what are the health outcomes ?
- They spend 9-12% of GDP and have higher life expectancies
How does the health expenditure used in low income countries and what are the health outcomes ?
- They spend 3-6% of GDP and have lower life expectancies
Define public expenditure
- Expenditure by any level of government or government agency
Define Private expenditure
- Expenditure by sources other than the government such as non-governmental organizations or individuals
Define Out of Pocket Expenditure
- Expenditure by individuals that is not covered or reimbursed by an insurance program
What does Cost effectiveness analysis measure ?
- It compares the cost of an intervention with the amount of health that can be purchased with that investment
What are the two thresholds for WHO for cost effectiveness ?
- High cost effective : cost per DALY averted is less than GDP per capita
- Cost effective : cost is more than one to three times GDP per capita
What is cost benefit analysis ?
- It is to assign a monetary value to all expected costs and benefits of an investment
- Then to compare net present value and future accrued benefits
- Lastly the investments that yield a positive benefit to cost ratio are worth considerations.
