Ch.4 Health, Education, Equity and the Economy

Question 1

What are intergenerational links ?

Answer 1

• Its when parents health and education affects their children’s

Question 2

How does health affect ones earning ?

Answer 2

• Good health increases longevity and lifetime earnings
• Healthy workers are more productive than unhealthy workers
• When ill , many people cannot work and therefore cannot earn money

Question 3

What can poor health cost ?

Answer 3

• The cost of poor health or illness can cause individuals to dispose of assest and fall into poverty

Question 4

What is equity ?

Answer 4

• Differences in health that are not only unnecessary and avoidable , but also unfair and unjust.

Question 5

What is inequality ?

Answer 5

• Differences in health status or in the distribution of health determinants between different population groups

Question 6

What are health disparities ?

Answer 6

• A type of difference in health that is closely linked with social or economic disadvantage

Question 7

What are some common patterns in health disparities ?

Answer 7

• Less well off people with less social and political power , will generally have worse health , poorer services and less fairness and protection for financing health

Question 8

What are generally some examples of less well off groups ?

Answer 8

• Ethnic and religious minorities
• Rural area residents
• women
• indigenous people
• those working in the informal sector
• less educated
• other marginalized groups , such as LGBT

Question 9

What are income quintiles ?

Answer 9

• Its when we divide the population into 5 equal groups ranging from the least well off to the best well off

Question 10

What is higher income associated with ?

Answer 10

• Better education, housing , water access, sanitation, hygiene and health services and safer work environments

Question 11

What are some health disparities in general for gender ?

Answer 11

• Women face health concerns related to their diminished place in many societies
• ex. less food for female children , lower enrollment in school and violence against women

Question 12

How does financial fairness play a role in health disparities ?

Answer 12

• Relative costs of those health services is much greater for the poor , which raises equity issues

Question 13

How does the health expenditure used in high income countries and what are the health outcomes ?

Answer 13

• They spend 9-12% of GDP and have higher life expectancies

Question 14

How does the health expenditure used in low income countries and what are the health outcomes ?

Answer 14

• They spend 3-6% of GDP and have lower life expectancies

Question 15

Define public expenditure

Answer 15

• Expenditure by any level of government or government agency

Question 16

Define Private expenditure

Answer 16

• Expenditure by sources other than the government such as non-governmental organizations or individuals

Question 17

Define Out of Pocket Expenditure

Answer 17

• Expenditure by individuals that is not covered or reimbursed by an insurance program

Question 18

What does Cost effectiveness analysis measure ?

Answer 18

• It compares the cost of an intervention with the amount of health that can be purchased with that investment

Question 19

What are the two thresholds for WHO for cost effectiveness ?

Answer 19

• High cost effective : cost per DALY averted is less than GDP per capita
• Cost effective : cost is more than one to three times GDP per capita

Question 20

What is cost benefit analysis ?

Answer 20

• It is to assign a monetary value to all expected costs and benefits of an investment
• Then to compare net present value and future accrued benefits
• Lastly the investments that yield a positive benefit to cost ratio are worth considerations.