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BIO146 > Ch.5 > Flashcards

Ch.5 Flashcards

1
Q

A long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks

A

A polymer

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2
Q

Large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms

A

Macromolecules

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3
Q

Small building block molecules are…

A

Monomers

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4
Q

Which 3 of the macromolecules are polymers?

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids

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5
Q

What are the monomers of…
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic acids

A

Monosaccarides
Amino acids
Nucleotides

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6
Q

Specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions in cells are…

A

Enzymes

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7
Q

Monomers are connected by covalent bones that form through the loss of a water molecule. This reaction is called?

A

Dehydration synthesis

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8
Q

Does dehydration synthesis require energy?

A

Yes

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9
Q

Covalent bonds that connect monomers are disassembled by what process?

A

Hydrolysis

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10
Q

Digestion is an example of what kind of process?

A

Hydrolysis

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11
Q

All living things are made up of four classes of large biological molecules. What are these molecules?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

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12
Q

After polymers are broken down into monomers through hydrolysis, what happens to the monomers so that they are able to carry out functions in particular cell types?

A

They are assembled into new and different polymers through dehydration synthesis

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13
Q

Sugars and polymers of sugars are…

A

Carbohydrates

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14
Q

Polymers of monosaccarides

A

Polysaccharides

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15
Q

What is the most common monosaccharide?

A

Glucose (C6H12O6)

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16
Q

Which sugar is a major nutrient for cellular work?

A

Glucose

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17
Q

What is formed through a dehydration reaction with the joining of two monosaccharides?

A

Disaccharide

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18
Q

The joining of two monosaccharide is called a…

A

Glycosidic linkage

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19
Q

Maltose

A

Two glucose molecules

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20
Q

Sucrose

A

Glucose and fructose

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21
Q

Lactose

A

Glucose and galactose

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22
Q

Polymers of monosaccharides joined together is called a…

A

Polysaccharide

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23
Q

A storage polysaccharide composed entirely of glucose monomers

A

Starch

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24
Q

A storage polysaccharide in animals

A

Glycogen

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25
A major component of the tough walls of plant cells is... | It is a polymer of glucose
Cellulose
26
What are the two ring structures of glucose and their shape?
``` alpha glucose (a)- helical Beta glucose (ß)- straight ```
27
Starch is which type of glucose?
Alpha glucose
28
Cellulose is which type of glucose?
Beta glucose
29
What structural polysaccharide is found in the exoskeleton of arthropods? It provides structural support for the cell walls of many fungi
Chitin
30
__________ are hydrophobic because they consist mostly of hydrocarbons, which form nonpolar covalent bonds
Lipids
31
A glycerol and fatty acids make up what?
A fat
32
A three carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon
Glycerol
33
A carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton
A fatty acid
34
If the fatty acid has no carbon-carbon double bonds, then the molecule is ___________
Saturated
35
If the fatty acid has one or more carbon- carbon double bonds formed by the removal of hydrogen atoms, then the molecule is ___________
Unsaturated
36
True or false: The phrase "hydrogenated vegetable oils" on food labels means that unsaturated fats have been synthetically converted to saturated fats by the addition of hydrogen
True
37
Are most animal fats saturated or unsaturated? What about plants?
Animals- saturated | Plants- unsaturated
38
The process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen
Hydrogenation
39
What is the major function of fats?
Energy storage
40
What do omega-3 fatty acids do?
Protect against cardiovascular disease
41
Two fatty acids attached to a glycerol and a phosphate group at the third position
Phospholipids
42
True or false? Phospholipids are not part of the cell plasma membrane
False! Phospholipids make up the plasma membrane
43
With the hydrophobic tails of phospholipids, one of the tails is ___________ and the other is ______________
Saturated and unsaturated
44
Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings
Steroids
45
This is an important steroid and a component in animal cell membranes
Cholesterol
46
True or false? Both saturated and trans fats exert their negative impact on health by affecting cholesterol levels
True
47
What are the functions of proteins?
Structural support, storage, transport, cellular communications, movement, and defense against foreign substances
48
Which type of protein carries out the process of life?
Enzymes
49
Which is the most structurally complex molecule out of the 4 types of macromolecules?
Proteins
50
Unbranched Polymers built from the same set of 20 amino acids
Polypeptides
51
A biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific formation
Protein
52
Organic molecules with carboxyl and amino groups
Amino acids
53
All amino acids have what two groups?
Amino group and carboxyl group
54
Amino acids are linked by what kind of bonds?
Peptide bonds
55
True or false? Each polypeptide has a unique linear sequence of amino acids with a carboxyl end (N-terminus) and an amino end (C-terminus)
False Carboxyl (C-terminus) Amino (N-terminus)
56
What are the four levels of protein structure?
Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary
57
The unique sequence of amino acids in a protein
Primary structure
58
When polypeptide chains are repeatedly coiled or folded it is referred to as....
Secondary structure
59
The two types of secondary structure of proteins are...
A helix | B pleated sheet
60
What structure is determined by interactions among various R groups
Tertiary structure
61
Strong covalent bonds that reinforce the protein's structure
Disulfide bridges
62
What structure results when two or more polypeptide chains form one macromolecule
Quaternary structure
63
Fibrous protein consisting of three polypeptides coiled like a rope
Collagen
64
Globular protein consisting of four polypeptides: two alpha and two beta chains
Hemoglobin
65
Protein function is determined by what?
Shape and structure
66
An inherited blood disorder with a single amino acid substitution in the protein hemoglobin
Sickle-cell disease
67
The loss of a proteins structure
Denaturation
68
What can cause a protein to unravel?
Alterations in pH, salt concentration, temperature, or other environmental factors
69
Protein molecules that assist the proper folding of other proteins
Chaperonins
70
Unit of inheritance
Gene
71
Monomers of nucleotides create...
Nucleic acids
72
The two types of nucleic acids are...
DNA | RNA
73
DNA makes _______
mRNA
74
RNA makes ________
Polypeptide (protein synthesis) | DNA---> RNA--->Protein
75
A nucleotide consists of what three parts?
Nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, one of more phosphate groups
76
The two types of nitrogenous bases are....
Pyrimidines and Purines
77
Pyrimidines have a single six-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms. The three types of them are:
Cytosine, thymine, and uracil
78
Purines have a six-membered ring joined to a five-membered ring. The types of them are:
Adenine and guanine
79
The two backbones DNA in a double helix run...
Antiparallel
80
What are the pairs of nitrogenous bases in DNA?
A-T | G-C
81
In RNA, there is no thymine, so what nitrogenous base replaces it?
Uracil

BIO146 (17 decks)

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