Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO146 > Ch.5 > Flashcards

Ch.5 Flashcards

1
Q

A long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks

A

A polymer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms

A

Macromolecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Small building block molecules are…

A

Monomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which 3 of the macromolecules are polymers?

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the monomers of…
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic acids

A

Monosaccarides
Amino acids
Nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions in cells are…

A

Enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Monomers are connected by covalent bones that form through the loss of a water molecule. This reaction is called?

A

Dehydration synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Does dehydration synthesis require energy?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Covalent bonds that connect monomers are disassembled by what process?

A

Hydrolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Digestion is an example of what kind of process?

A

Hydrolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

All living things are made up of four classes of large biological molecules. What are these molecules?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

After polymers are broken down into monomers through hydrolysis, what happens to the monomers so that they are able to carry out functions in particular cell types?

A

They are assembled into new and different polymers through dehydration synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Sugars and polymers of sugars are…

A

Carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Polymers of monosaccarides

A

Polysaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the most common monosaccharide?

A

Glucose (C6H12O6)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which sugar is a major nutrient for cellular work?

A

Glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is formed through a dehydration reaction with the joining of two monosaccharides?

A

Disaccharide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The joining of two monosaccharide is called a…

A

Glycosidic linkage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Maltose

A

Two glucose molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Sucrose

A

Glucose and fructose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Lactose

A

Glucose and galactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Polymers of monosaccharides joined together is called a…

A

Polysaccharide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

A storage polysaccharide composed entirely of glucose monomers

A

Starch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

A storage polysaccharide in animals

A

Glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

A major component of the tough walls of plant cells is…

It is a polymer of glucose

A

Cellulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the two ring structures of glucose and their shape?

A 
alpha glucose (a)- helical
Beta glucose (ß)- straight
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Starch is which type of glucose?

A

Alpha glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Cellulose is which type of glucose?

A

Beta glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What structural polysaccharide is found in the exoskeleton of arthropods? It provides structural support for the cell walls of many fungi

A

Chitin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

__________ are hydrophobic because they consist mostly of hydrocarbons, which form nonpolar covalent bonds

A

Lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

A glycerol and fatty acids make up what?

A

A fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

A three carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon

A

Glycerol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

A carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton

A

A fatty acid

34
Q

If the fatty acid has no carbon-carbon double bonds, then the molecule is ___________

A

Saturated

35
Q

If the fatty acid has one or more carbon- carbon double bonds formed by the removal of hydrogen atoms, then the molecule is ___________

A

Unsaturated

36
Q

True or false:

The phrase “hydrogenated vegetable oils” on food labels means that unsaturated fats have been synthetically converted to saturated fats by the addition of hydrogen

A

True

37
Q

Are most animal fats saturated or unsaturated? What about plants?

A

Animals- saturated

Plants- unsaturated

38
Q

The process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen

A

Hydrogenation

39
Q

What is the major function of fats?

A

Energy storage

40
Q

What do omega-3 fatty acids do?

A

Protect against cardiovascular disease

41
Q

Two fatty acids attached to a glycerol and a phosphate group at the third position

A

Phospholipids

42
Q

True or false?

Phospholipids are not part of the cell plasma membrane

A

False! Phospholipids make up the plasma membrane

43
Q

With the hydrophobic tails of phospholipids, one of the tails is ___________ and the other is ______________

A

Saturated and unsaturated

44
Q

Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

A

Steroids

45
Q

This is an important steroid and a component in animal cell membranes

A

Cholesterol

46
Q

True or false?

Both saturated and trans fats exert their negative impact on health by affecting cholesterol levels

A

True

47
Q

What are the functions of proteins?

A

Structural support, storage, transport, cellular communications, movement, and defense against foreign substances

48
Q

Which type of protein carries out the process of life?

A

Enzymes

49
Q

Which is the most structurally complex molecule out of the 4 types of macromolecules?

A

Proteins

50
Q

Unbranched Polymers built from the same set of 20 amino acids

A

Polypeptides

51
Q

A biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific formation

A

Protein

52
Q

Organic molecules with carboxyl and amino groups

A

Amino acids

53
Q

All amino acids have what two groups?

A

Amino group and carboxyl group

54
Q

Amino acids are linked by what kind of bonds?

A

Peptide bonds

55
Q

True or false?

Each polypeptide has a unique linear sequence of amino acids with a carboxyl end (N-terminus) and an amino end (C-terminus)

A

False

Carboxyl (C-terminus)
Amino (N-terminus)

56
Q

What are the four levels of protein structure?

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary

57
Q

The unique sequence of amino acids in a protein

A

Primary structure

58
Q

When polypeptide chains are repeatedly coiled or folded it is referred to as….

A

Secondary structure

59
Q

The two types of secondary structure of proteins are…

A

A helix

B pleated sheet

60
Q

What structure is determined by interactions among various R groups

A

Tertiary structure

61
Q

Strong covalent bonds that reinforce the protein’s structure

A

Disulfide bridges

62
Q

What structure results when two or more polypeptide chains form one macromolecule

A

Quaternary structure

63
Q

Fibrous protein consisting of three polypeptides coiled like a rope

A

Collagen

64
Q

Globular protein consisting of four polypeptides: two alpha and two beta chains

A

Hemoglobin

65
Q

Protein function is determined by what?

A

Shape and structure

66
Q

An inherited blood disorder with a single amino acid substitution in the protein hemoglobin

A

Sickle-cell disease

67
Q

The loss of a proteins structure

A

Denaturation

68
Q

What can cause a protein to unravel?

A

Alterations in pH, salt concentration, temperature, or other environmental factors

69
Q

Protein molecules that assist the proper folding of other proteins

A

Chaperonins

70
Q

Unit of inheritance

A

Gene

71
Q

Monomers of nucleotides create…

A

Nucleic acids

72
Q

The two types of nucleic acids are…

A

DNA

RNA

73
Q

DNA makes _______

A

mRNA

74
Q

RNA makes ________

A

Polypeptide (protein synthesis)

DNA—> RNA—>Protein

75
Q

A nucleotide consists of what three parts?

A

Nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, one of more phosphate groups

76
Q

The two types of nitrogenous bases are….

A

Pyrimidines and Purines

77
Q

Pyrimidines have a single six-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms. The three types of them are:

A

Cytosine, thymine, and uracil

78
Q

Purines have a six-membered ring joined to a five-membered ring. The types of them are:

A

Adenine and guanine

79
Q

The two backbones DNA in a double helix run…

A

Antiparallel

80
Q

What are the pairs of nitrogenous bases in DNA?

A

A-T

G-C

81
Q

In RNA, there is no thymine, so what nitrogenous base replaces it?

A

Uracil

BIO146 (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions