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BIO146 > Ch. 8 > Flashcards

Ch. 8 Flashcards

1
Q

The breaking down of complex molecules into simpler compounds

A

Catabolic pathways

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2
Q

Cellular respiration is an example of which type of pathway?

A

Catabolism

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3
Q

The consumption of energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones

A

Anabolic pathways

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4
Q

The synthesis of a protein from amino acids is an example of what type of pathway?

A

Anabolic pathway

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5
Q

The capacity to do work

A

Energy

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6
Q

Energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure

A

Potential energy

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7
Q

Potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction

A

Chemical energy

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8
Q

Kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms or molecules

A

Thermal energy

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9
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

Energy can neither be created or destroyed

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10
Q

All living in organisms in nature have what kind of system? What does this mean?

A

We have an open system

This means that we can never reach equilibrium

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11
Q

What is the second law of thermodynamics? (Entropy law)

A

Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy (disorder, randomness) of the universe

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12
Q

What state of matter has the greatest entropy?

A

Gaseous

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13
Q

The totality of an organisms chemical reactions

A

Metabolism

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14
Q

What kind of processes in thermodynamics can occur without energy input?

A

Spontaneous processes

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15
Q

Energy that can do work when temperature and pressure are uniform

A

Free energy

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16
Q

Delta G means what?

A

Releasing energy

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17
Q

When temperature is increased, delta G _____________

A

Decreases

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18
Q

Processes with negative delta G are ____________

A

Spontaneous

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19
Q

With potential energy is delta G bigger or smaller?

A

Bigger (more free energy)

20
Q

What reaction relating to metabolism proceeds with a net release of free energy and is spontaneous?

A

Exergonic reaction

21
Q

What reaction relating to metabolism absorbs free energy from its surroundings and is nonspontaneous?

A

Endergonic reaction

22
Q

What type of reaction is cellular respiration? It releases energy

A

Exergonic

23
Q

What type of reaction is endergonic?

A

It stores energy

24
Q

Exergonic is….

Endergonic is….

A

Negative, spontaneous

Positive, nonspontaneous

25
Q

The use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one

A

Energy coupling

26
Q

Composed of a ribose, adenine, a nitrogenous base, and three phosphate groups

A

ATP

27
Q

When the reactions are coupled, overall is it exergonic or endergonic?

A

Exergonic

28
Q

Transferring a phosphate group to some other molecule such as a reactant

A

Phosphorylation

29
Q

More complicated reactants equals…

A

Exergonic

30
Q

More complicated products equals…

A

Endergonic

31
Q

A chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction

A

Catalyst

32
Q

A catalytic protein

A

Enzyme

33
Q

The initial energy needed to start a chemical reaction

A

Activation energy (Ea)

34
Q

How do enzymes speed up a reaction?

A

By lowering activation energy

35
Q

True or false?

Enzymes affect delta G

A

False!

They only effect activation energy

36
Q

What exactly is delta G?

A

It’s a change in energy from reactants to products

37
Q

The reactant that an enzyme acts on is called…

A

The enzyme’s substrate

38
Q

When the enzyme binds to its substrate it forms a…

A

Enzyme-substrate complex

39
Q

What is the region on the enzyme where the substrate binds?

A

Active site

40
Q

In what 4 ways can the active site lower an Ea barrier?

A

Orienting substances correctly
Straining substrate bonds
Providing a favorable microenvironment
Covalently bonding to the substrate

41
Q

Are enzymes ever used up?

A

No; they work again and again

42
Q

What are nonprotein enzyme helpers?

A

Cofactors

43
Q

What inhibitors bind to the active site of an enzyme, competing with the substance?

A

Competitive inhibitors

44
Q

What inhibitors bind to another part of an enzyme, causing the enzyme to change shape and making the active site less effective?

A

Noncompetitive

45
Q

What happens when a regulatory molecule binds to a protein at one site and affects the proteins function at another site?

A

Allosteric regulation

46
Q

In ________ the end product of a metabolic pathway shuts down the pathway

A

Feedback inhibition

BIO146 (17 decks)

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