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BIO146 > Ch. 8 > Flashcards

Ch. 8 Flashcards

1
Q

The breaking down of complex molecules into simpler compounds

A

Catabolic pathways

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2
Q

Cellular respiration is an example of which type of pathway?

A

Catabolism

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3
Q

The consumption of energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones

A

Anabolic pathways

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4
Q

The synthesis of a protein from amino acids is an example of what type of pathway?

A

Anabolic pathway

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5
Q

The capacity to do work

A

Energy

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6
Q

Energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure

A

Potential energy

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7
Q

Potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction

A

Chemical energy

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8
Q

Kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms or molecules

A

Thermal energy

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9
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

Energy can neither be created or destroyed

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10
Q

All living in organisms in nature have what kind of system? What does this mean?

A

We have an open system

This means that we can never reach equilibrium

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11
Q

What is the second law of thermodynamics? (Entropy law)

A

Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy (disorder, randomness) of the universe

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12
Q

What state of matter has the greatest entropy?

A

Gaseous

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13
Q

The totality of an organisms chemical reactions

A

Metabolism

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14
Q

What kind of processes in thermodynamics can occur without energy input?

A

Spontaneous processes

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15
Q

Energy that can do work when temperature and pressure are uniform

A

Free energy

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16
Q

Delta G means what?

A

Releasing energy

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17
Q

When temperature is increased, delta G _____________

A

Decreases

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18
Q

Processes with negative delta G are ____________

A

Spontaneous

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19
Q

With potential energy is delta G bigger or smaller?

A

Bigger (more free energy)

20
Q

What reaction relating to metabolism proceeds with a net release of free energy and is spontaneous?

A

Exergonic reaction

21
Q

What reaction relating to metabolism absorbs free energy from its surroundings and is nonspontaneous?

A

Endergonic reaction

22
Q

What type of reaction is cellular respiration? It releases energy

23
Q

What type of reaction is endergonic?

A

It stores energy

24
Q

Exergonic is….

Endergonic is….

A

Negative, spontaneous

Positive, nonspontaneous

25
The use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one
Energy coupling
26
Composed of a ribose, adenine, a nitrogenous base, and three phosphate groups
ATP
27
When the reactions are coupled, overall is it exergonic or endergonic?
Exergonic
28
Transferring a phosphate group to some other molecule such as a reactant
Phosphorylation
29
More complicated reactants equals...
Exergonic
30
More complicated products equals...
Endergonic
31
A chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction
Catalyst
32
A catalytic protein
Enzyme
33
The initial energy needed to start a chemical reaction
Activation energy (Ea)
34
How do enzymes speed up a reaction?
By lowering activation energy
35
True or false? Enzymes affect delta G
False! | They only effect activation energy
36
What exactly is delta G?
It's a change in energy from reactants to products
37
The reactant that an enzyme acts on is called...
The enzyme's substrate
38
When the enzyme binds to its substrate it forms a...
Enzyme-substrate complex
39
What is the region on the enzyme where the substrate binds?
Active site
40
In what 4 ways can the active site lower an Ea barrier?
Orienting substances correctly Straining substrate bonds Providing a favorable microenvironment Covalently bonding to the substrate
41
Are enzymes ever used up?
No; they work again and again
42
What are nonprotein enzyme helpers?
Cofactors
43
What inhibitors bind to the active site of an enzyme, competing with the substance?
Competitive inhibitors
44
What inhibitors bind to another part of an enzyme, causing the enzyme to change shape and making the active site less effective?
Noncompetitive
45
What happens when a regulatory molecule binds to a protein at one site and affects the proteins function at another site?
Allosteric regulation
46
In ________ the end product of a metabolic pathway shuts down the pathway
Feedback inhibition

BIO146 (17 decks)

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