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BIO146 > Ch. 6 > Flashcards

Ch. 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Membrane-enclosed structures within eukaryotic cells

A

Organelles

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2
Q

Which microscope is used to study subcellular structures?

A

Electron microscope

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3
Q

What microscope is best to use to study the surface of a specimen?

A

Scanning electron microscope

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4
Q

Which microscope allows you to study the internal structure of cells?

A

Transmission electron microscope

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5
Q

A technique that takes cells apart and separates the major organelles from one another

A

Cell fractionation

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6
Q

All cells are surrounded by a selective barrier called….

A

The plasma membrane

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7
Q

What are 4 of the basic features of all cells?

A

Plasma membrane, cytosol, chromosomes, ribosomes

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8
Q

Because a prokaryotic cell doesn’t have a nucleus, where is the DNA found? And is this region bound or unbound?

A

Nucleoid

Unbound

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9
Q

What is the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane of a eukaryotic cell?

A

Cytoplasm

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10
Q

What are the three important parameters of microscopy?

A

Magnification, resolution, contrast

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11
Q

The ____________ is a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the volume of every cell

A

Plasma membrane

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12
Q

As a cell increases in size, ________ increases faster than its ___________

A

Volume, surface area

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13
Q

How is it possible for hydrophilic proteins to embed into the hydrophobic tails of the phospholipids that make up the plasma membrane bilayer?

A

Because proteins contain hydrophobic R groups

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14
Q

Which organelle contains most of the genes in a eukaryotic cell? Where are additional genes located?

A

Nucleus

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

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15
Q

True or false?

Small cells have a smaller surface area relative to volume

A

False.

Small cells have a greater surface area relative to volume

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16
Q

The shape of the nucleus is maintained by what? It is a network of protein filaments

A

The nuclear lamina

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17
Q

The nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by a membrane called the…

A

Nuclear envelope

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18
Q

In the nucleus, DNA is organized into discrete units called…
They carry genetic information

A

Chromosomes

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19
Q

Together, the DNA and proteins of chromosomes are called…

A

Chromatin

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20
Q

What structure is located within the nucleus and is the site of ribosomal RNA synthesis

A

Nucleolus

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21
Q

What organelles carry out protein synthesis? In what two locations does this occur?

A

Ribosomes carry out protein synthesis

Cytosol (free ribosomes)
Outside of ER or nuclear envelope (bound ribosomes)

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22
Q

What type of ribosomes synthesize proteins that are inserted into membranes and packaged into organelles such as ribosomes or exported from the cell?

A

Bound ribosomes

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23
Q

The endomembrane system includes:

A 
Nuclear envelope
Endoplasmic reticulum 
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Plasma membrane
24
Q

What are the two regions of ER and what is the difference between them?

A

Smooth ER- lacks ribosomes

Rough ER- studded with ribosomes on surface

25
Q

What is the membrane factory for the cell?

A

Rough ER

26
Q

What are the functions of smooth ER?

A

Synthesizes lipids
Metabolizes carbohydrates
Detoxifies drugs and proteins
Stores calcium ions

27
Q

The bound ribosomes of the rough ER secrete what?

A

Glycoproteins

28
Q

What are the functions of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Modifies products of the ER (sorting)
Manufactured certain macromolecules
Sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles (delivery)

29
Q

A membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules

A

Lysosome

30
Q

Engulfing another cell

A

Phagocytosis

31
Q

What does the process of phagocytosis form?

A

Food vacuole

32
Q

Recycling the cell’s organelles and macromolecules

A

Autophagy

33
Q

Out of phagocytosis and autophagy, which one is from inside and outside of the cell?

A

Phagocytosis- outside of cell

Autophagy- inside of cell

34
Q

Matching

A) Food vacuole
B) central vacuole
C) contractile vacuole

  1. Freshwater protists
  2. Plants
  3. Animals
A

A. 3
B. 2
C. 1

35
Q

The sites of cellular respiration

A

Mitochondria

36
Q

What are the sites of photosynthesis?

A

Chloroplasts

37
Q

The foldings of mitochondria

A

Cristae

38
Q

An oxidative organelle is?

A

Peroxisome

39
Q

What do peroxisomes produce and then what is the product converted to?

A

Hydrogen peroxide

Water

40
Q

Network of fibers extending through the cytoplasm that provides mechanical support and maintains the cell’s shape

A

Cytoskeleton

41
Q

What three molecular structures are part of the cytoskeleton?

A

Microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments

42
Q

What are the functions of the cytoskeleton?

A

Cell support, Storage, structure, mobility, cell division, anchor for organelle attachement

43
Q

A motor protein is powered by what?

A

ATP

44
Q

What motor protein drives the bending movements of cilia and flagellum?

A

Dynein

45
Q

What anchors cilia and flagellum?

A

Basal body

46
Q

The structural role of microfilaments is to __________ resisting pulling forces within the cell

A

Bear tension

47
Q

What protein do microfilaments contain that helps in muscle contraction?

A

Myosin

48
Q

Circular flow of cytoplasm within cells

A

Cytoplasmic streaming

49
Q

Extracellular structure that distinguishes plant cells from animal cells

A

Cell wall

50
Q

What type of fibers make up the cell wall?

A

Cellulose fibers

51
Q

What are the functions of the cell wall?

A

Maintain shape, prevent excessive uptake of water, support plant against gravity

52
Q

Since animal cells don’t have cell walls, what do they have instead?

A

Extracellular matrix

53
Q

What is the ECM made up of?

A

Glycoproteins such as collagen, proteoglycans, and fibronectin

54
Q

What are the functions of the ECM?

A

Support, adhesion, movement, regulation

55
Q

Channels allowing cytosol to pass between plant cells…

A

Plasmodesmata

56
Q

True or false?

Water and small solutes can pass freely from cell to cell

A

True

BIO146 (17 decks)

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