CH5 Flashcards
this type of memory is responsible for storing information for long periods—which can extend from minutes to a lifetime
long-term memory
this term refers to the process involved in retaining, retrieving, and using information about stimuli, images, events, ideas, and skills after the original information is no longer present.
memory
this type of long-term memory holds experiences from the past
episodic memory
this type of long term memory holds information about things that involve muscle coordination
procedural memory
this type of long-term memory refers to memories of facts such as an address or a birthday or the names of different objects
semantic memory
what model proposes three types of memory?: sensory, short-term, and long-term memory.
modal model of memory
what is sensory, short term, and long-term memory called in the modal model of memory?
structural features
this term refers to the process of remembering information that is stored in long-term memory
retrieval
this term refers to the continued percepion of a visual stimulus even after it is no longer present
persistence of vision
who proposed the modal model of memory?
Atkinson and Shiffrin
this term refers to the dynamic processes associated with the structural features that can be controlled by the person and may differ from one task to another
control processes
this term refers to the process of storing information in long term memory
encoding
what is an example of a control process?
rehearsal (for short-term memory)
self-reference effect
this term refers to the retention, for brief periods of time, of the effects of sensory stimulation
sensory memory
what was Sperling’s experiment about?
how much information people can take in from briefly presented stimuli
this type of sensory memory for visual stimuli corresponds to the sensory memory stage of Atkinson and Shiffrin’s modal model.
iconic memory
this type of sensory memory holds information for auditory stimuli
echoic memory
this term refers to the system involved in storing small amounts of information for a brief period of
time
short-term memory
what is the duration for short-term memory?
15-20 seconds
what is the digit span?
the number of digits a person can remember
who demonstrated that short-term memory lasted 15-20 seconds?
John Brown
Lloyd Peterson
Margaret Peterson
what is the limit of STM capacity? and who discovered it
4 items, Steven Luck and Edward Vogel
this term refers to the fact that
small units (like words) can be combined into larger meaningful units, like phrases, or even larger units, like sentences, paragraphs, or stories
chunking
this term refers to the collection of elements that are strongly associated with one another but are weakly associated with elements in other chunk
chunk
who demonstrated an effect of chunking by showing how a college student with average memory ability was able to achieve amazing feats of memory?
K. Anders Ericson et al
this term refers to the limited-capacity system for temporary storage and manipulation of information for complex tasks such as comprehension, learning, and reasoning
working memory
what are the 3 components present in Baddeley’s working memory model?
phonological loop
central executive
visuospatial sketch pad
what led Baddeley to propose working memory?
the fact that STM and the modal model of memory did not consider dynamic processes that occurred over time
what is the difference between STM and working memory?
STM is concerned mainly with storing information for a brief period of time while working memory is concerned with the manipulation of information during complex cognition.
this component of the working memory model holds verbal and auditory information
phonological loop
what are the two components of the phonological loop?
- phonological store (limited capacity and holds information for a few seconds)
- articulatory rehearsal process (responsible for rehearsal that keeps information in the phonological store from decaying)
this component of the working memory model holds visual and spatial information
visuospatial sketch pad
this component of working memory is where the major work occurs.
it pulls information from LTM and coordinates the PL and VSP by focusing on specific parts of a task and divides attention between different tasks.
central executive
what are the three phenomena that support the idea of the PL?
phonological similarity effect
word length effect
articulatory suppression
this term refers to the confusion of
letters or words that sound similar.
phonological similarity effect
this term refers to what occurs when memory for lists of words is
better for short words than for long words
word length effect
this term refers to the phenomenon that is caused by the repetition of an irrelevant sound and reduces memory because speaking interferes with rehearsal
articulatory suppression
this term refers to the creation of visual images in the mind in the absence of a physical visual stimulus
visual imagery
this term refers to repeatedly performing the same action or thought even if it is not
achieving the desired goal
perseveration
what does the episodic buffer do?
it can store information and is connected to LTM
what is the PFC essential for?
the prefrontal cortex holds information in working memory during a delay period as seen in the monkey experiment by Goldman-Rakic
frontal lobe damage also affects attention
who developed the reading span test to measure working memory capacity?
Daneman and Carpenter
