CH3 Flashcards
what is perception?
experiences resulting from stimulation of the senses
this term refers to people’s ability to recognize an object even when it is seen from different viewpoints
viewpoint invariance
what is bottom-up processing?
the sequence of events from eye to brain
called bottom-up since environmental energy stimulates the receptors.
what are the two types of information used by the human perceptual system
- environmental energy stimulating the receptors
- knowledge and expectations that the observer brings to the situation
what is top-down processing?
processing that originates in the brain, at the “top” of the perceptual system
what are two examples of top-down processing?
perceiving objects and hearing words in a sentence.
what is speech segmentation?
the ability to tell when one word in a conversation ends and the next one begins
this term refers to the likelihood that one sound will follow another
within a word
transitional probabilities
what is statistical learning?
the process of learning about transitional probabilities and about other characteristics of language
A physicist who made important contributions to fields as diverse as thermodynamics, nerve physiology, visual perception, and aesthetics.
He also invented the ophthalmoscope, versions of which are still used today to enable physicians to examine the blood vessels inside the eye.
Hermann von Helmholtz
this principle states that we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received
likelihood principle
what is unconscious inference?
it is the process that allows us to perceive stuff as a result of unconscious assumptions or inferences that we make about the environment
this term refers to the principle behind the illusion of movement created by the stroboscope
apparent movement
what were the two conclusions Wertheimer got from the phenomenon of apparent movement?
- apparent movement cannot be explained by sensations, because
there is nothing in the dark space between the flashing light - the whole is different than the sum of its parts
what are the principles of perceptual organization?
- principle of good continuation
- principle of good figure/ law of pragnanz/ principle of simplicity
- principle similarity
this principle of perceptual organization states that;
“Points that, when connected, result in straight or smoothly curving lines are seen as belonging together, and the lines tend to be seen in such a way as to follow the smoothest path. Also, objects that are overlapped by other objects are perceived as continuing behind the overlapping object”
principle of good continuation
this principle of perceptual organization states that:
“Every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible.”
law of pragnanz/ principle of good figure/principle of simplicity
this principle of perceptual organization states that:
“Similar things appear to be grouped together”
principle of similarity
who proposed the idea of the principles of perceptual organizations?
Gestalt psychologists
what is the light-from-above assumption?
We usually assume that light is coming from above, because light in our environment, including the sun and most artificial light, usually comes from above
what are the two regularities in the environment?
physical regularities and semantic regularities
these regularities are regularly occurring physical properties
of the environment
example: more vertical and horizontal orientations in the environment than oblique (angled) orientations
physical regularities
what are the two factors that determine the probability of an outcome in the Bayesian inference?
- the prior probability/prior
- the likelihood of the outcome
these regularities are the characteristics associated with the functions carried out in different types of scenes.
example: cooking and eating occur in a kitchen while security checkpoints and buying tickets happen in airports
semantic regularities
what does semantics mean for perceiving senses?
semantics refers to the meaning of a scene
what does the prior probability/prior mean?
it is our initial belief about the probability of an outcome
this theory states that characteristics that enhance an animal’s ability to survive, and therefore reproduce, will be passed on to future generations
theory of natural selection
who showed that experience-dependent plasticity may play a role in determining these neurons’ response to faces by measuring the level of activity in the FFA in response to faces and also to objects called Greebles
Isabel Gauthier
this term refers to families of computer-generated “beings” that all have the same basic configuration but differ in the shapes of their parts (just like faces)
Greebles
what is brain ablation?
a technique that involves removing a part of the brain
who studied how removing part of a monkey’s brain affected its ability to identify an object and determine
the object’s location
Leslie Ungerleider and Mortimer Mishkin
what were the two tasks in Ungerleider and Mishkin’s experiment?
- an object discrimination problem
- a landmark discrimination problem
what is the WHAT PATHWAY? (ventral pathway)
the pathway leading from the
striate cortex to the temporal lobe
what is the WHERE PATHWAY? (dorsal pathway)
the pathway leading from the striate cortex to the parietal lobe
who used the neuropsychological approach to reveal two streams, one involving the temporal lobe and the other involving the parietal lobe
David Milner and Melvyn Goodale
what is the PERCEPTION PATHWAY?
the pathway from the visual
cortex to the temporal lobe
what is the ACTION PATHWAY?
the pathway from the visual cortex to the parietal lobe
this term refers to neurons that
respond both when a monkey observes someone else grasping an
object such as food on a tray and when the monkey itself grasps
the food
mirror neurons
who investigated how neurons in the monkey’s premotor cortex fired as the monkey performed an action like picking up a piece of food
G. di Pelligrino
it is one of the difficulties we face in regards to designing a perceiving machine
it also the task of determining the object responsible for a particular
image on the retina
inverse projection problem due to how it starts with a retinal image and extends rays out from the eye
