Ch.4: Personality, Cultural Values, and Ability Flashcards
accomplishment striving
a strong desire to accomplish task-related goals as a means of expressing one’s personality
ability
relatively stable capabilities of people for performing a particular range of related activities
agreeableness
dimension of personality-reflecting traits like being kind, cooperative, sympathetic, helpful, courteous, and warm
Big Five
the five major dimensions of personality: conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness to experience, and extraversion
cognitive ability
capabilities related to the use of knowledge to make decisions and solve problems
communion striving
a strong desire to obtain acceptance in personal relationships as a means of expressing one’s personality
conscientiousness
dimension of personality-reflecting traits like being dependable, organized, reliable, ambitious, hard-working, and persevering
conscientiousness
dimension of personality-reflecting traits like being dependable, organized, reliable, ambitious, hard-working, and persevering
coordination
the quality of physical movement in terms of synchronization of movements and balance
cultural values
shared beliefs about desirable end states or modes of conduct in a given culture that influence the expression of traits
cultural values
shared beliefs about desirable end states or modes of conduct in a given culture that influence the expression of traits
culture
the shared beliefs, values, motives, identities, and interpretations that result from common experiences of members of a society and are transmitted across generations
culture
the shared beliefs, values, motives, identities, and interpretations that result from common experiences of members of a society and are transmitted across generations
emotion regulation
the ability to recover quickly from emotional experiences
emotional intelligence
a set of abilities related to the understanding and use of emotions that affect social functioning
ethnocentrism
a propensity to view one’s own cultural values as “right” and those of other cultures as “wrong”
extraversion
dimension of personality-reflecting traits like being talkative, sociable, passionate, assertive, bold, and dominant
flexibility
the ability to bend, stretch, twist or reach ??? ? ?? ?
general cognitive ability
the general level of cognitive ability that plays an important role in determining the more narrow cognitive abilities
individualism-collectivism
the degree to which a culture has a loosely knit social framework (indiv.) or a tight social framework (collect.)
locus of control
one’s tendency to view the cause of events and personal outcomes as internally (within their control) or externally (outside of their control) controlled
masculinity-femininity
the degree to which a culture values stereotypically male traits (masc.) or stereotypically female traits (fem.)
maximum performance
performance in brief, special circumstances that demand a person’s best effort
negative affectivity
a dispositional tendency to experience unpleasant moods such as hostility, nervousness, and annoyance
neuroticism
dimension of personality-reflecting traits like being nervous, moody, emotional, insecure, jealous, and unstable
openness to experience
dimension of personality-reflecting traits like being curious, imaginative, creative, complex, refined, and sophisticated
other awareness
the ability to recognize and understand the emotions that other people are feeling
perceptual ability
the capacity to perceive, understand, and recall patterns of information
personality
the structures and propensities inside a person that explain their characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and behaviour; personality reflects what people are like and creates their social reputation
Personnel Assessment Form
a measure of verbal ability, quantitative ability, and general cognitive ability that has been successfully applied in work and educational settings.
positive affectivity
a dispositional tendency to experience pleasant, engaging moods such as enthusiasm, excitement, and elation
power distance
the degree to which a culture prefers equal power distribution (low power distance) or an unequal power distribution (high power distance)
psychomotor ability
capabilities associated with manipulating and controlling objects
quantitative ability
capabilities associated with doing basic mathematical operations and selecting and applying formulas to solve mathematical problems
reasoning ability
a diverse set of abilities associated with sensing and solving problems using insight, rules and logic
self-awareness
the ability to recognize and understand the emotions in oneself
sensory ability
capabilities associated with vision and hearing
short-term vs. long-term orientation
the degree to which a culture stresses values that are past- and present-oriented (short-term) or future-oriented (long-term)
situational strength
the degree to which situations have clear behavioural expectations, incentives, or instructions that make differences between individuals less important
spatial ability
capabilities associated with visual and mental representation and manipulation of objects in space
status striving
a strong desire to obtain power and influence within a social structure as a means of expressing one’s personality
trait activation
the degree to which situations provide cues that trigger the expression of a given personality trait
traits
recurring trends in people’s responses to their environment
typical performance
performance in the routine conditions that surround daily job tasks
uncertainty avoidance
the degree to which a culture tolerates ambiguous situations (low uncertainty avoidance) or feels threatened by them (high uncertainty avoidance)
use of emotions
the degree to which people can harness emotions and employ them to improve their chances of being successful in whatever they are seeking to do
verbal ability
various capabilities associated with understanding and expressing oral and written communication
zero acquaintance situations
situations in which two people have just met
4.1 - what is personality? what are cultural values? what is ability?
personality refers to the structures and propensities inside a person that explain their characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and behaviour. it also refers to a person’s social reputation - how they are perceived by others.
- cultural values are shared beliefs about desirable end states or modes of conduct in a given culture that influence the expression of traits.
- ability refers to the relatively stable capabilities of people to perform a particular range of different but related activities.
- personality and values capture what people are like (unlike ability, which reflect what people can do.)
4.2 - what are the “big five” factors of personality?
the “big five” factors of personality include:
- conscientiousness (e.g., dependable, organized, reliable)
- agreeableness (warm, kind, cooperative)
- neuroticism (nervous, moody, emotional)
- openness to experience (curious, imaginative, creative)
- extraversion (talkative, sociable, passionate)
4.3 - what taxonomies can be used to describe cultural values?
Hofstede’s taxonomy of cultural values includes:
- individualism vs collectivism
- masculinity vs femininity
- short-term vs long-term orientation
- uncertainty avoidance
- power distance
more recent research by project GLOBE has replicated many of those dimensions and added five other means to distinguish among cultures: gender egalitarianism, assertiveness, future orientation, performance orientation, and humane orientation.
4.4 - what are the various types of cognitive ability?
cognitive abilities include:
- verbal ability
- quantitative ability
- reasoning ability
- spatial ability
- perceptual ability
general cognitive ability, or “g,” underlies all of those specific cognitive abilities.
4.5 - what are the various types of emotional ability?
emotional intelligence includes four specific kinds of emotional skills:
- self-awareness
- other awareness
- emotion regulation
- use of emotions
4.6 - what are the various types of physical ability?
physical abilities include:
- strength
- stamina
- flexibility and coordination
- psychomotor abilities
- sensory abilities
4.7 - how do individual differences affect job performance and organizational commitment?
