Ch.4 Carbohydrates: Sugars, Starches, and Fibres

Question 1

refined

Answer 1

Refers to foods that have undergone processing to remove the coarse parts of the original food.

Question 2

enrichment

Answer 2

The addition of specific amounts of thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, and iron to refined grains. Since 1998, folic acid has also been added to enriched grains.

Question 3

fortification

Answer 3

The addition of nutrients to foods.

Question 4

empty calories

Answer 4

Energy with few additional nutrients.

Question 5

sugar unit

Answer 5

The smallest unit of carbohydrate molecule.

Question 6

monosaccharide

Answer 6

A carbohydrate made up of a singular sugar unit.

Question 7

disaccharide

Answer 7

A carbohydrate made up of two sugar units.

Question 8

polysaccharide

Answer 8

A carbohydrate made up of two or more sugar units linked together.

Question 9

glucose

Answer 9

A six-carbon monosaccharide that is the primary form of carbohydrate used to provide energy in the body.

Question 10

glycogen

Answer 10

The storage form of carbohydrate in animals, made up of many glucose molecules linked together in a highly branched structure.

Question 11

starch

Answer 11

A carbohydrate found in plants, made up of many glucose molecules linked in straight or branched chains.

Question 12

soluble fibre

Answer 12

Fibre that dissolves in water or absorbs water and can be broken down by intestinal microbiota. It includes pectins, gums, and some hemicelluloses.

Question 13

insoluble fibre

Answer 13

Fibre that, for the most part, does not dissolve in water and cannot be broken down by bacteria in the large intestine. Insoluble fibre includes cellulose, some hemicelluloses, and lignin, which can all be found in the cell walls of plants.

Question 14

lactose intolerant

Answer 14

The inability to digest lactose due to a reduction in the levels of the enzyme lactase.

Question 15

oligasachharides

Answer 15

Short carbohydrate chains containing 3 to 10 sugar units.

Question 16

resistant starch

Answer 16

Starch that escapes digestion in the small intestine.

Question 17

glycemic response

Answer 17

The rate, magnitude, and duration of the rise in blood glucose that occurs after food is consumed.

Question 18

insulin

Answer 18

A hormone made in the pancreas that allows glucose to enter cells, where it can stimulate the synthesis of fat and liver and muscle glycogen.

Question 19

glucagon

Answer 19

A hormone made in the pancreas that raises blood glucose levels by stimulating the breakdown of liver glycogen and the synthesis of glucose.

Question 20

glycolysis

Answer 20

An anaerobic metabolic pathway that splits glucose that into two three-carbon pyruvate molecules; the energy released from one glucose molecule is used to make two molecules of ATP.

Question 21

anaerobic metabolism

Answer 21

Metabolism in the absence of oxygen.

Question 22

aerobic metabolism

Answer 22

Metabolism in the presence of oxygen. It can completely break down glucose to yield carbon dioxide, water, and energy in the form of ATP.

Question 23

ketones or ketone bodies

Answer 23

Acidic molecules formed when the body has insufficient carbohydrate to completely metabolise the acetyl CoA produced from fatty acid breakdown.

Question 24

ketosis

Answer 24

High levels of ketones in the blood.

Question 25

diabetes mellitus

Answer 25

A disease characterised by elevated blood glucose due to either insufficient production of insulin or decreased sensitivity of cells to insulin.

Question 26

type-1 diabetes

Answer 26

The form of diabetes caused by autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells in the pancreas, usually leading to absolute insulin deficiency.

Question 27

autoimmune disease

Answer 27

A disease that results from immune reactions that destroy normal body cells.

Question 28

type-2 diabetes

Answer 28

The form of diabetes characterised by insulin resistance and relative (rather than absolute) insulin deficiency.

Question 29

hypoglycemia

Answer 29

Abnormally low blood glucose levels.

Question 30

diverticulosis

Answer 30

A condition in which outpouches (or sacs) form in the wall of the large intestine.