CH.4 Flashcards
Infection
refers to an invasion of the body by a harmful microorganism— in Nicole’s case the cold virus—that can create a pathological condition in the body’s tissues and systems.
Refers to the unhealthy state caused by the disease and sickness is a synonym for illness.
Illness
Prospective research design
(longitudinal design) measured against baseline over period of time
Retrospective research design
(self report) that asks research participants to recall past stressors and illnesses and then you record the information.
Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficients
a measure of the strength of the linear relationship between two variables. p- IN POP, r-in sample
Why are Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficients Important for Stress research?
- stress and illness correlations found in self-report studies are often around r .30. (9%)
- This can make a difference in deciding strategies for preventing illness.
Hold extraneous variables constant while manipulating other variables, the so-called independent variables. The outcome variables known as the dependent variables are then measured.
Experimental studies
A study that observes cohorts at only one point in time.
cross-sectional design
A study in which cohorts are being tracked across time.
longitudinal designs
Then gold standard experimental study in medicine in which participants are randomly assigned to groups and then the group that receives the intervention being tested is compared to one or more control groups.
randomized controlled trial
Meta-analytic studies
also known as meta-analytic reviews; studies that use statistical procedures to determine average effect sizes of multiple studies.
Effect size
an indicator of the strength of the relationship of the independent variable on the dependent variable.
Problems with Retrospective design
- memories may be distorted or biased.
- secondary gains associated with the sick role could affect her recall and reporting and support a specious (an apparent though not real) appearance of a positive link between her stress and her illness.
- personality type? negative affect
- correlation vs causation- belief of getting sick every time there is exam season scenario
Weaker- Low internal validity Study measures
retrospective
Correlational
Single Study
Stronger- High internal validity Study measures
Prospective
experimental
Meta-analytic
Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)
Holmes and Rahe developed a questionnaire for identifying major stressful life events. Each one of the 43 stressful life events was awarded a Life Change Unit (LCU) depending on how traumatic it was felt to be by a large sample of participants.
Highest ranked LCU
death of a spouse (100)
Issues with SLE approach
- Response bias is more likely to occur when distressed individuals are retrospectively searching for possible causes of their illnesses and interpreting ambiguous items as supportive of their illness beliefs.
- checklists overlap with physical illnesses because the items themselves refer to similar health-related event – providing confounds of stress
- negative affectivity or neuroticism levels of respondents may influence their responses- SLEs that overlap with psychological disorders involving depression or anxiety
Lazarus Uplifts and Hassles vs SLE approach
- SLE approach does not measure constant daily stressors
- SLE events would have sudden impact
- hassles did predict somatic health and that the relationship was stronger than that of SLEs to health.
- although measures of hassles and SLE’s overlap they still measure some separate aspects
Psycho-neuro-immun-ology (PNI) to
refers to the study of the relationship among the psychological, neurological, and immunological interactions.
relates to 50% to 80% of all illnesses and diseases.”
Stress-Pelletier
Designed to protect us from exogenous (outside) and endogenous (inside) toxins, substances, particles, cells, and organisms that pose a threat to our physical well-being. FBI character
Humman Immune system
Anitgens
threats to our health in immune system- Evil villain characters
Exogenous
Viruses, bacteria living outside of the body
Endogenous
Cells that have mutated inside the body such as cancer
Innate immune system
aka natural immune system, more primitive
- 1st line of defence
- rapid system
- acts indiscriminately
Innate immune system characters
- phagocytic cells
- natural killer cells
- various enzymes and serum proteins that are involved in the inflammation process.
Layers of Immune system
- skin and mucus membranes
- innate immune system
- adaptive immune system
Adaptive immune system
- acquired or specific immune system
- slower but more advanced line of defense against antigens
- remembers past invaders and other antigens
Adaptive immune system characters
consists of T-cytotoxic, T-helper, and B, lymphocytes as well as immunoglobulins
Inflammation
an immune response of the body to damaged tissue or infection characterized by swelling, pain, heat, and/or redness
vaso dialation
histamine release
Neutrophils
- first responders
- White blood cells
- 50% of white blood cells
- eat antigens
- granular cells- contain digestive enzymes granulocytes
Granulocytes
white blood cells that help the immune system fight off infection.
Monocytes
are a type of leukocyte aka white blood cell. They are the largest type of leukocyte and can differentiate into macrophages when exiting the blood stream into bodily tissue- some are fixed some are free.
Lymphocytes
white blood cells that are also one of the body’s main types of immune cells. They are made in the bone marrow and found in the blood and lymph tissue.
James bond character
Three types of white blood cells
Granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes
Phagocytes
-Cells of the immune system that eat the antigens they attack.
Pacman like responders
- die after, ex pimples
2 types of Phagocytes
macrophages or neutrophils
Natural killer (NK) cells
lymphocytic cells
-programmed to recognize other cells that are non self such as tumour cells and cells infected with viruses, and to release cytotoxic chemicals that lyse these cells.
Endogenous threats
T cells
- Lymphocytic cells
- direct the attack but do not engage in battle
- FOOTBALL COACHES
T-cytotoxic cell
- Does engage directly in the fight
- MESSENGER
- lise object with CD8 poison -weapon
- (TH1)
B cells
lymphocytic cells
(“B” for bone marrow cells) produce antibodies, called immunoglobins
Humoral Immunity
second line strategy (punch)
employed
- Type 2 (Th2)-helper cells with B cells to stimulate antibody production
Sometimes taking up too 7 days
Cellular mediated immunity
natural killer cells, the granulocytes, the macrophages, and T cells inflaming, phagocytosing, and releasing toxic substances in injury or infection
cytokines
chemical messenger molecules sometimes thought of as hormones of the immune system that stimulate immune responses.
stimulate hypothalamus
Negative feedback
- decrease in function
-causes the output of a system to be lessened; so, the feedback tends to stabilize the system.
This can be referred to as homeostasis, as in biology
Immune dysregulation
impaired immune system that overreacts or under reacts to antigens.
Underreactions of immune system
play a role in cancer and viral infections such as the common cold or flu and herpes outbreaks
Overreactions of immune system
linked to allergies, arthritis, and lupus
Stress and Immunosuppression results in
high cortisol, low level antibody responses
cellular chromosomal caps that can indicate how many rounds of cell division a cell has left. Shorter telomeres indicate a smaller number of rounds remaining and are a sign of a more aged cell.
Telemores
Sick role
regarding sickness and the rights and obligations of the affected. subject to secondary gains ( example more attention)
7 Immune strengtheners
WASIPED
- Wash hands
- get immunized
- Succifient sleep
- eat healthy
- physical exercise
- clinical depression treatment
- avoid immune supressor
