CH.3 Flashcards
The Somatic Nervous System
innervates (i.e., supplies nerves to) the voluntary muscles of the body (i.e., the striated muscles like the biceps, quadriceps, etc.).
Autonomic Nervous System
innervates the organ systems of the body, the viscera.
The Sympathetic Branch
of the ANS is what we most closely associate with the “fight-or-flight” reaction, LUMBAR THORASIC SPINE
The Parasympathetic Branch
associated with relaxation and restoration responses, - CRANIAL AND SACRAL
CNS
- Brain stem
- Cerebellum
- Diencephalon
- Cerebral hemispheres
Brain stem
MEDULA, PONS, MIDBRAIN
Cerebellum
Distinct area
Diencephalon
(i.e., the “between brain”) THALAMUS, HYPOTHALMUS
Cerebral hemispheres
NEO CORTEX
-CEREBRAL CORTEX (GREY MATTER)
Reticular Formation
(consisting of nuclei) and the limbic system (hypothalamus and parts of the cerebral hemispheres.) are intimately tied with F OR F
Parallel Distributed Processing
bidirectional- the brain has more than one functional region or pathway to achieve its ends.
Brain Stem
heart and restoration
Medulla
increasing heart rate, stroke volume, and blood pressure after perceived potential threat.
Pons
bridge, transmits info to cerebellum (motor movement)
Midbrain controls
coordinates sensory and motor activities auditory - visual systems and voluntary movement.
Dopamine
regulating motor movement, alleviate stress “feel good” NT
Thalamus
GATE KEEPER: sensory relay station to higher cortical regions associated with consciousness
Sensory Projection System
the circuit from a sense organ moving through the thalamus to its specific region in the neocortex responsible for the experience of sensation.
Hypothalamus
region of the diencephalon that exerts control over fight- or-flight activities, fear and anger states, and a host of other functions.
Hypothalamus cont.
- Direct control over f of – indirect control over its connection to the master gland, the pituitary, to stimulate the endocrine system to
- primary emotional arousal states of fear linked to flight and anger linked to fight
- responsible for homeostatic reaction of ANS, motivates us to eat and drink, core temp, rate of metabolism, 24 hour bioregulation process, skeletal posture
Amygdala
: region of the cerebral hemispheres and part of the limbic system responsible for mediating emotional responses, particularly fear and anxiety.
*Stores memories, which stimuli should be approached and which to avoid
Hippocampus
region of the cerebral hemispheres involved in encoding declarative memories (long term). Helps determine appraisal and sends to amygdala is fear response should be evoked
RF plays an important role
- transmits arousal signals regarding stressful stimuli upward to the diencephalon and higher cortical areas
- sends signals downward into the brain stem, viscera, and skeletal muscular system to activate the fight-or-flight response ie. as the one you had in response to the bang sound.
Limbic System
brain’s neural circuit for emotion - hippocampus,
thalamus
parts of the hypothalamus, the amygdala
-prefrontal cortex
- other structures such as the cingulated gyrus.
Efferent
brain to periphery
Afferent
periphery to brain
Norepinephrine
noradrenaline, is a catecholamine hormone AND neurotransmitter that excites the fight-or-flight systems.
TARGETS VISCERA
Catecholamines
hormones made by your adrenal glands
which are located on top of your kidneys
- released into blood when stressed
Preganglionic neurons
neurons that arise from the central nervous system and supply the ganglia
Postganglionic neurons
neurons that arise from the ganglia and supply the tissues
Ganglion
nerve cell cluster or a group of nerve. ie basal ganglia
Cingulate gyrus
covering the corpus callosum processing emotions and behavior regulation.
Viscera
consists of the organs, the ducts and glands, the smooth muscles
Endocrine system
organs and glands that secrete hormones into our bloodstream that act as biochemical messengers to their respective target cells and organs.
Thyroxine
strong hormone that can, with time and sufficient concentration levels, double basal metabolic rate
Thyroxine and Stress
- nervousness or anxiety, insomnia, increased heart rate,
- under chronic stress have difficulty returning to baseline levels once they leave a stressful environment.
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
a psychological disorder stemming from a reaction to traumatic stressors
PTSD symptoms
RANA
- characterized by persistently re-experiencing the traumatic event
- avoiding stimuli correlated with the event
- experiencing a general response numbing,
- having persistent increased arousal
PTSD and physiology
- brain’s limbic system is the area most affected
- amygdala appears to overreact
- hippocampus under react - problems with memory, fear, anger, and hyperarousal
Post-traumatic growth
positive response to trauma usually characterized by strengthening of relationships and development of more positive self and world views.
compassion, altruism, gratitude
Positive illusions
(1) excessively positive self-appraisals;
(2) the belief that one has greater control over events than it is actually the case;
(3) more rosy views of the future than statistics can warrant.
Effects of Positive illusions
may give a person a greater sense of control to cope with the negative impact of the trauma and may be adaptive short term but not result in actual growth.
