ch4 Flashcards
by the end of this chapter you should be able to
describe the diff types of longevity measures and how bio sex, race, and ethnicity influence them
differentiate health and illness, and describe how changes in the immune system, acute and chronic disease, and stress affect life quality
describe cancer and diabetes as examples of common chronic diseases and discuss how pain is managed
describe how adults manage their med regimens
id and describe models of disablement and how functional health status is determined
what is average longevity
what is max longevity
what is active life expectancy
what is dependent life expectancy
average longevity - age at which half ind’s born in a particular year will have died
max longevity - the oldest age to which an ind of a species lives
active life expectancy - living to healthy independent old age
dependent life expectancy - years of living after losing independence
__ factors are a strong predictor of your longevity
what 4 environmental factors can influce age
most environmental factors are the result of _____ activity and needlessly shorten lives
genetic factors are a strong predictor of one’s longevity
disease, toxins, lifestyle, social class
most environmental factors are the result of human activity and needlessly shorten lives
10 environmental factors example that affect length of life on slide 5
access to Health Care
access to Healthy Food
Long-Term Stress
Pollution
Income
Discrimination and Bias
Resilience
Neighborhood
Safe Housing and Transportation
Educational Opportunities
people of diff racial, ethnic, and sex groups do not have the same average longevity at birth
___ people have shorter life than white
___ people have longer life than white
black have shorter average longevity that white americans
latinos have longer average longevity than white americans
women live about __ years longer than men
___ are more risk takers
__ smoke and drink more than ___
___ allow stress to enter their lives more than ___
none of these hypotheses are strongly supported
women live about 5 years more than men
men are bigger risk takers
men smoke and drink more than women
men allow stress to enter their lives more than women
international diffs in average longevity
4 factors that contribute to this
some developing countries have lower overall average longevity compared to developed countries
Genetic
SocioCultural
Economic
Access to Health Care
definiton of Health and definition of Illness
___ of health are very predictive of future health outcomes
Health - state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing, not merely the absence of disease
Illness - presence of a physical or mental disease or impairment
self ratings of health typically are very predictive of future health outcomes
socioeconomic and ethnic differences
what is valuation of life
degree to which one is attached to their present life
how is the SOC model used in quality of life
one can use SOC model to manage one’s life resulting in succesful aging
developmental changes in the immune system
older adult’s immune systems take longer to ___ ____ ____
older adult’s are more prone to ___
older adults immune systems take longer to build up defences
older adults are more prone to serious consequences from illnesses
what is Autoimmunity
refers to an aberration in body’s normal development that causes the immune system to mount an attack against its cells
immune system attacks body itself
what is Rheumatoid Arthritis
chronic disease that causes inflammation around body and commonly presents with pain in joints
what is Thymus
diff between young and old thymus
the organ primarily responsible for production and maturation of immune cells
young - thymosin production, T-cell lymphocytes
old - decreased thymosin production, decreased T-cell function
in old thymus there is decreased defense against ___ and ___
in old thymus there is decreased B-cell function that Causes
decreased defense against viruses and Monocellular and Multicellular organisms
decreased B cell function causing
- decreased antibodies
-failure of self-regulation
-increased autoantibodies
what is PsychoNeuroImmunology
study of the relations among psychological, neurological, and immunological system that raise or lower our susceptibility to and ability to recover from disease
covid-19 is more likely to affect __ ___ adults
has an exaggerated response among ____ adults and something called ___________
covid-19 is more likely to affect older adults of colour
Inflamm-Aging and exaggerated response among older adults
__% of people with HIV are over the age of __
why are older adults more likely to contract HIV
50% are over age 50
what are Acute diseases
conditions that develop over a short period of time and cause a rapid change in health
what are Chronic diseases
conditions that last at least 3 months and may result in impairment that necessitates long-term management
as age increases, __ diseases decline and ___ diseases increase
as age increases Acute diseases Decline
and Chronic diseases Increase
the role of stress - stress as a _________ response
5 effects
stress as a Physiological response
prolonged exposure results in damaging influences from the sympathetic nervous system
Cardiovascular Disease
Impaired Immune System function
some forms of Cancer
Shortening Telomeres
what is stress and the coping paradigm
the stress coping paradigm gives explanation of the effects of stress on health according to a contextual approach that underlines how the coping process allows to diminish the neg effects of stress and favour adaptation in difficult or conflicting situations
the role of stress
primary appraisal -
secondary appraisal -
reappraisal -
Primary Appraisal - Categorizes the Event
Secondary Appraisal - Evaluates our perceived ability to cope w harm, threat, or challenge
ReAppraisal - changes in the situation may change the appraisal
coping is defined as
problem focused coping
emotion focused coping
dealing with stressful events
problem focused coping - attempts to tackle the problem head on
emotion focused coping - dealing with one’s feelings about the stressful event
3 effects of stress on health
immune system suppression
increases risk of Atherosclerosis and Hypertension
increased level of LDL Cholesterol
common chronic conditions - Diabetes Mellitus
pancreas produces insufficient insulin
type I and type II
cancer - risk increases with ___, ___ are at more risk
cancer targets
increased with age, males at more risk
cancer targets specific genetic structures of tumours
common chronic conditions
Incontinence - 4 major reasons
most forms can be alleviated with _______
stress
urge
overflow
functional
alleviated with interventions
managing pain
pharmalogical - 1 method
non pharmalogical - 8 methods
Pharmalogical - non narcotic and narcotic meds
non pharmalogical
physical therapy
deep and superficial stim of skin
electrical stimulation to spine or pain site
acupuncture and acupressure
biofeedback
distraction techniques
relaxation
hypnosis
patterns of medication use
2 notes
explosion of new medication available
increase in chronic diseases results in increases in the number of medications taken
developmental changes in how meds work
regarding Absorption and Distribution
Absorption - time needed for meds to ender bloodstream may increase w age
Distribution once in bloodstream the drug is distributed throughout the body
- drug metabolism and excretion
- can lead to toxicity
several drugs not recommended for older adults - told to ‘start low and go slow’
___ adults have highest risk of adverse drug affects
what is Polypharmacy
older adults have highest risk of adverse drug affects
Polypharmacy is the use of multiple meds that can cause interactions
this is why accurate medication histories are essential
adherence to medication regimens
adherence ___ w complexity
increase in adverse ___ ____
new technology for this is
adherence decreases with complexity
increase in adverse drug reactions
smartphone apps and telemedicine approaches
slide 30 - chart of patient characteristics vs treatment context moderators
what r each
patient characteristics - coping style, traits, expectancies or beliefs
treatment context moderators - treatment controllability, predictability or illness severity
disability definition
the effects of chronic conditions on people’s ability to engage in activities that are necessary, expected, and personally desired in their society
what is compression of morbidity
becoming disabled later with a shorter period of disability before death
Verbrugge and Jette Model of Disability
risk factors
risk factors - long standing behaviors or conditions that increase one’s chances of functional limitation or disability
Verbrugge and Jette Model of Disability
intervention strategies
extraindividual factors - environmental and healthcare
intraindividual factors - behavioural and personality
Verbrugge and Jette Model of Disability
Exacerbators
situations that make the situation worse than it was originally
what are
Activities of Daily Living
Instrumental Activities of Daily Living
Physical Limitations
ADL - basic self care tasks
IADL - require intellectual competence and planning
PLIM - limited ability walking or sitting
slide 33 - functional health and disability
determining functional health status
hierarchy of loss and frail older adults
need to look up
frail older adults - physical disabilities, very ill, cognitive or psychological disorders
