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Question 1

what is the study of the brain called

what is the study of the structure of the brain called

Answer 1

NeuroScience

NeuroAnatomy

Question 2

2 NeuroImaging Techniques used most often are ____ and ___ NeuroImaging = difference between the two

Answer 2

Structural NeuroImaging - provides highly detailed images of Anatomical Features of the brain

Functional NeuroImaging - provides an indication of brain activity

Question 3

what is the NeuroPsychological Approach

Answer 3

compares healthy older adults w those pathological disorders of the brain

Question 4

what is the NeuroCorrelational Approach

Answer 4

links measures of cognitive performance to measures of brain structure or functioning

Question 5

what is the Activation Imaging Approach

Answer 5

links functional brain activity w cognitive behavioural data
- compensatory changes

Question 6

Brain is made up of neurons

neurons consist of _ _ and _

________ travel across the synapase

Answer 6

neurons consist of Dendrites, Axons, and Terminal Branches

Neurotransmitters travel across the synapse

Question 7

list 6 age related changes that occur in Neurons

Answer 7

of neurons decline

and size of dendrites decreases

tangles develop in axon fibres

increases in deposits of Protein

of Synapses decreases

these changes occur more in dementia brains

Question 8

age related changes in neurons: WMH and DTI

what are these

Answer 8

White matter HyperIntensities - indicates myelin loss or neural atrophy

Diffusion Tensor Imaging - provides index of density or structural health of the white matter

Question 9

dopamine is associated with higher level cog functioning, so dopamine declines are related to poorer ___ and ___

Answer 9

episodic memory

and tasks that require higher level cognitive functioning like inhibiting thoughts, attention and planning

Question 10

what is the Dopaminergic System

Answer 10

neurons that use dopamine

Question 11

what age related change occurs with serotonin

Answer 11

abnormal processing of serotonin has been shown to be related to cognitive decline

Question 12

what age related change occurs with Acetylcholine

Answer 12

damage to structures that use Acetylcholine is associated w memory declines

Question 13

considerable shrinkage occurs in the brain with age - especially in these 3 areas

Answer 13

PreFrontal Cortex, HippoCampus, and Cerebellum

Question 14

what is the positivity effect w older adults

Answer 14

older adults are more motivated to derive emotional meaning from life and to maintain positive feelings than younger adults

Question 15

what is the theory of mind effect

Answer 15

ability to understand that others have beliefs, desires, and viewpoints diff from our own

research shows age related decline in TOM

Question 16

linking structural changes w behaviour: Executive Functioning

Answer 16

difficulty focusing solely on relevant information

due to WMH and reduced volume of prefrontal cortex

Question 17

linking structura; changes w behaviour: Memory

Answer 17

specific strucutral changes (hippocampus) result in memory decline

better emotion regulation with age

Question 18

how emotion changes with age slide 15

Answer 18

increased processing of positive emotional info with age

better emo regulation with age

increased processing of positive emotional info

better emotion regulation with age

age related increase in connections

Question 19

older adults may rely more on ____ judgement processes than ____ processing

Answer 19

older adults may rely more on Automatic Judgement Processes than Reflective Processing

Question 20

16 - studies show that, when presented w similar tasks, younger adults have activity where ? and older adults have it where?

in this case - older adults are _______

Answer 20

younger adults Exhibit Focal UniLateral Activity in Left PreFrontal Region

older adults Exhibit Bilateral Activity (both left and right prefrontal areas)

older adults are compensating

Question 21

____ in older adults plays a supportive role in older adults’ cognitive function

Answer 21

Bilateral Activation in older adults plays a supportive role in older adults’ cognitive function

Question 22

what is the Parieto-Frontal Integration Theory

Answer 22

proposes that intelligence comes from a distributed and integrated network of neurons in the Parietal and Frontal Areas of the brain

Question 23

what is the CRUNCH hypothesis

Answer 23

Compensation Related Utilization of Neural Circuits Hypothesis

additional mechanisms in aging brains, OverUtilization of other regions in Left Hemi on Demanding Tasks

Question 24

what is the STAC-r Theory

Answer 24

Scaffolding Theory of Cognitive Age - revised

default network theory holds that hwen the cognitive demands are made on the brain the default network is suppressed

Neural resource Enrichment and Depletion interact w neural Plasticity to account for age-related changes in cognitive functioning

Question 25

what are default networks (stac-r theory)

Answer 25

regions of brain that are most active when one is at rest

Question 26

Plasticity

Answer 26

involves interaction between Brain and Environment and its mostly used to describe the effects of experience on the structures and function of the neural system

Question 27

Neural Stem Cells

Answer 27

give rise to new neurons, persist in adult brains, and can generate new cells throughout adulthood