aging ch 1 and 2 Flashcards
what is the study of maturity called
Gerontology
ageism definiton
A form of discrimination against older adults based on their age, which
comes about due to myths of aging
Who came up with the 4 key features of Aging
list these 4 key features
Paul Baltes
Multidirectional - involves growth and decline
Plasticity - skills are trained and improved through practice
Historical Context - the time in which you grow u[ in shapes your development and aging
Multiple Causations - development is shaped by many forces
explain paul baltes’s idea of the Selective Optimism Model
a model of successful aging that focuses not on outcomes but on the processes individuals engage in to maximize gains and minimize losses in response
SOC framework offers a conceptualization of success that is not outcome dependent, but centers on doing the best one can with what one has
Bio Plasticity __ with age
Need for Culture __ with age
Efficacy of Culture __ with age
whose ideas are these
Biological plasticity decreases with age
Need for Culture increases with age
Efficacy of Culture decreases with age
paul baltes
use the example of the SOC model with the piano player and how each S O and C was demonstrated
Arthur Rubenstein - ‘it’s ok to adjust your goals with time’
Selection - played fewer compositions
Optimism - practiced the chosen compositions in greater depth
Compensation - adjusted tempo to minimize losses in keying latency
people who study population trends are called
Demographers
what are population pyramids and their function
graphic technique used to illustrate changes in the age distribution of population
trends show an increase or decrease in population over 65 in ____ countries
increase in developed countries
2 phases of life
Early: childhood and adolescence
Late: young adulthood, middle, and old age
2 ways that diversity has increased in older adults
more older women
they are better educated
countries are trying to adapt social policies as number of older adults increase
list the 4 Forces of Development
− Biological forces: all genetic and health-related factors
− Psychological forces: all internal perceptual, cognitive, emotional, and personality
factors
− Sociocultural forces: interpersonal, societal, cultural, and ethnic factors
− Life-cycle forces: differences in how the same event or combination of biological,
psychological, and sociocultural factors affect people
what is a cohort of people
those born in same time frame
define culture and ethnicity
culture is important to _____
almost all aspects of aging differs based on ______
− Culture: shared basic value orientations, norms, beliefs, and customary habits and
ways of living
− Important to gerontology
− Ethnicity: an individual or collective sense of identity based on historical and cultural
group membership and related behaviors and beliefs
− Almost all aspects of aging differs based on race
gender impacts _____ as the result of off __________ and ___ towards diff genders
SES status impacts the __________ someone has access to
Gender impacts opportunities that are the result of different stereotypes and
behaviors toward different genders
− SES status impact the level of resources a person can access
Intersectionality are experiences that reflect:
experiences that reflect combinations of race, ethnicity, gender,
ability, or sexual orientation
what is primary aging vs secondary and tertiary
list the 3 definitions of Age
Chronological
Psychological
Sociocultural
list the 4 Core Issues in Development
The nature-nurture issue
The stability-change issue
The continuity-discontinuity controversy
▪ Plasticity: capacity is not fixed but can be learned or improved with practice
The universal versus context-specific development controversy
both ___ and ___ are important to have when conducting research of aging
Reliability - research produces consistent outcomes
Validity - an accurate measure of what it is trying to measure
list the 4 research methods used in adult development
Self Reports
Observational
Case Studies
PsychoPhysiological
define Self Reports
what is it’s 3 Limitations
structured interviews, questionnaires. clinical method
limitations - not useful with kids, can be dishonest, people can interpret questions differently
define Observational research methods - 3 subcategories
what is its 2 limitations
naturalistic observation - observation of someone in a natural setting
time sampling - freq’s of behavior recorded
structured observation - observation in a lab designed to elicit a specific behaviors
limitations - observer influence - people act diff knowing their behaviour is being recorded, can be hard to determine causes of behaviour
what are case studies? they are doen by __ or ___ and are generally not _____________
detailed record of an ind’s/group’s development
done by interview or observation
and are generally not standardized
what is the goal of PsychoPhysiological Methods of measuring
what kind of measures does this include
goal is to understand biological processes involved in perception cognition and emotion
heart rate, ERPs, fMRI, eye tracking
4 different reserach designs for studying development
Cross-Sectional Designs
Longitudinal Designs
Sequential Designs
MicroGenetic Study
effects that can affect results of research
what does ConFounding Mean
Age Effects (within subjects)
Cohort Effects
Time of Measurement Effects
Confounding
one cannot determine which of two or more effects is responsible for the behaviours being observed
what is meta analysis
the statistical combination of results from two two more studies
determines whether a finding generalizes across many studies that used diff methods
4 ways to conduct research in this field ethically
minimize risks to research participants
describe research to potential participants
avoid Deception
Results should be anonymous and/or confidential
the study of the structure of the brain is
Neuro Anatomy
the study of the brain is called
NeuroScience
two neuroimaging techniques used most often are
breifly describe the diff between them
Structural Neuroimaging - provides highly detailed images of Anatomical Features of the brain
Functional Neuroimaging - provides an indication of brain activity
