ch3 Flashcards
what are the Metabolic Theories on why we age
limited energy in one’s lifetime suggest reducing metabolism will lengthen their life
caloric reduction = live longer
quality of life on extremely restricted diets is a concern
Cellular Theories on why we age
Hayflick Limit - limited # of time a cell can divide
- Telomeres and the enzyme Telomerase - not sure their relevance*?
Cross Linking - tissue stiffens w age
Free Radicals - reactice chemicals causing cell damage
evidence is growing that _________ postpone the appearance of age related diseases
Antioxidants
what is the genetic program theories about how we age
one issue unclear with this is
what other pathologies does this contribute to?
says aging is preprogramed into genetic code
does this mean cells are pre-programmed to self-destruct?
Alzheimer’s
Memory Loss
Personality Changes
Changes in Brain Cells
why do we age - implications of the developmental forces
what 4 dev forces?
3 general approaches to slowing/reversing aging
Biological
Psychological
Sociocultural
Lifecycle Forces
unified theory not yet developed
ways to slow or reverse aging
Delay the Chronic Illness of old age
Slow Fundamental Processes of aging to increase Life Span
Arrest/Reverse aging by removing the damage caused by Metabolic Process
4 reasons why our skin wrinkles
4 step process of thinking (?)
Connectivity loss
Elasticity loss
Decrease in underlying Fat
how to counteract sun exposure on skin include _____
SSSW - need to look up what that is
Other skin changes w age
Pigment-containing cells decrease
Age spots and Moles
Varicose Veins
cause of Hair loss
caused by Destruction of Germ Centers that produce hair follicles
grey hair is caused by
Cessation of Pigment Production
gender differences with facial hair and age
what is this caused by
males do not lose facial hair
women gain it
caused by hormonal changes of the Climacteric
4 differences between young and old voices
lowering of pitch
increased breathlessness and trembling
slower and less pronounced pronunciation
lower volume
japanese vs american women?
Normative changes or poor health?
Height
when does it decrease
how much do men vs women lose
__ compresses
changes in _____
decreases between mid 50s and mid 70s
men - 1 inch, women - 2 inches
compression of spine and changes in posture
weight gain and loss through age
difference w men and women
middle years - weight gain
need to see on notes to get diff between men and women
changes in mobility with age - muscles and balance
strength loss - age70 __% and age 80 __%
men vs women
___________ contributes to more loss of balance
age 70 - up to 20%
age 80 - up to 40%
no diff between men and women
Lower Body Muscles contributes of increased loss of balance
bone loss with age
begins when, accelerates when, slows when
gender differences
what is the leading cause of broken bones in older Women
loss begins in late 30s
accelerates in 50s
slows in 70s
need to see notes and learn gender differences
leading cause: Osteoporosis
2 common joint conditions that come with age
OsteoArthritis
Rheumatoid Arthritis
what is climacteric
period of life starting from the decline in ovarian activity until after the end of ovarian function
According to the definition, the period includes peri-menopause, menopause and post-menopause
recommended calcium and vitamin d intakes
calcium ranges from 1000-1200 through ages 50-70
vitamin D ranges from 400-800, to 800-1000 same ages
visual diff between healthy join, rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis
get photo using iphone app
slide 17 - chart that shows which risk factors are in place for Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis, and Rheumatoid Arthritis
study - see if it is testable
Psychological Implications of these bone and joint conditions
gender diffs
gender diff - Compensation for Loss
women - cosmetics, hair dye, surgery
men - increasing use by men ?
slide 18 - Appearance vs actual Loss in Strength and Endurance
exercise and resistance training
pain in joints may reduce mobility
loss of independence
rehabilitation after hip fracture
4 effects of Structural Changes in the eye
Adaption - light and dark
Presbyopia
Cataracts
Glaucome
2 effects of Retinal Changes in Eye
Macular Degeneration
Diabetic Retinopathy
4 Psychological changes of Eye loss/changes
Loss of activities - reading, tv, driving
Personality change - extraversion, + emotions ?
Increase in vulnerability to falling
Corrective actions - glasses, surgery (cataracts), corrective environmental changes
Hearing loss
damage to __ _______, _______ effects
5 social effects of hearing loss
due to loud environments, cumulative effects
Independence loss, Isolation, Irritation, Paranoia, Depression
3 mechanisms for hearing loss
Analog hearing aid - mold on outer ear, sends sound through tube to microphone, microphone sends sound to an Amplifier which enhances sound and sends it to the receiver, receiver sends amplified sound to ear
Digital hearing aid - similar to analog, but use directional microphone to control flow of sound. tech allows volume control. microchips allow programming for diff situation. tech allows multiple channels to deliver sound w varying amplification
Cochlear Implant - implants do not make sound louder, rather itis a series of components. microphone picks up sound, digitized by microchips turned into coded signals, broadcasted by FM radio signals to electrodes that are inserted in ear. electrodes stimulate auditory nerve fibers directly
24 - 2 aspects of Somatosensory System
Temp Regulation and Pain Sensitivity
Balance - ___ of adults fall
what forms of training can aid balance
3 neg balance effects
1/3 of adults fall
Tai Chi, Wii Fit VR simulations
vestibular system, dizziness, vertigo
what is lost in taste with age
what does this put one at risk for
greater loss in Sour and Bitter tastes
risk of Malnutrition
Loss of smell
memory diff’s between ___ and other ___ _______
negative effects of smell loss
memory diff’s between Odors and other Memory Cues (alzheimer’s)
Reduced pleasure in eating, hygiene may suffer, safety factors
2 underlying causes of ___ ____ in Cardiovascular System
Accumulation of Fat Deposits
Stiffening of Heart Muscle
what leads to less decline in Aerobic Capacity - also less threat of ________
staying in good shape leads to less decline and less threat of heart attacks during moderate physical tasks (snow shoveling)
ethnic and gender differences in Cardiovascular Diseases
more men get it in middle adulthood than women
later adulthood men and women = likely to get it
higher rates w African Americans and Native Americans
2 causes of Congestive Heart Failure
Angina and Myocadial Infarction
what is angina pectoris
what is AtheroSclerosis
slide 27 - need to look up
Cerebrovascular Accident and Hypertension
higher rates of hypertension in african americans
young heart at rest vs during hard exercise
at rest - at start of heart beat at rest, at end of heart beat at rest
during hard exercise, size at start of heartbeat is the same as the rest, size at end of heart beat is smaller than the rest
old heart at rest vs during hard exercise
at rest - at start of heart beat at rest, end of heart beat at rest
during hard exercise - size at start of heartbeat is larger than the rest, size at end of heart beat is same as at rest
visual - normal artery vs narrowing artery
normal artery is clear for blood to flow through
narrower artery has a build of plaque that narrows the flow - leads to abnormal blood flow
what is respiratory disease COPD
__ ____ is more common w people over 45
__ is common respiratory disease increasing in prevalence
__ and __ _contribute to lung damage
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
chronic bronchitis more common w those over 45
asthma is growing in prevalence
e-cigs and vaping contribute to lung damage
Menopause
__ diff’s in the severity of symptoms
loss of __ is related to health conditions
3 treatments
Menopause
▪ Ethnic differences in the severity of symptoms
▪ Loss of estrogen is related to health conditions
▪ Treatments, diet, yoga, and menopausal hormone therapy
what is Perimenopause
3 suggested treatments
the time around menopause when your ovaries gradually stop working.
natural process that causes physical and emotional symptoms. It does not need treatment, but treatment can help ease symptoms.
Treatment includes hormones, antidepressants, and lifestyle changes.
menopausal hormone therapy
also called postmenopausal hormone therapy and hormone replacement therapy
sometimes used to replace the natural hormones estrogen and progesterone in a woman’s body during and after menopause, when levels of these hormones drop
in the biological male reproductive system - there is no event to mark reproductive changes as there is in women
but there is a decline in ___
and decrease in ___ (__% between 30-60)
decline in testoterone levels
decrease in sperm production - 30% between ages 30-60
___ cancer is big threat to men as they age
___ ___ is common but treatable
prostate
erectile dysfunction is treatable
due to worse regulation of autonomic nervous system that comes with age - elders are susceptible to _____ and ___
hypothermia and hyperthermia
how does sleep change with age
____ are common
how does the circadian rhythm change
nearly every aspect of sleep undergoes age related changes
sleep complaints are common
the Circadian Rhythm changes - it shifts from a 2Phase to a MultiPhase pattern
slide 34 - psychological implications
difficulty in thermoregulation is a big threat and requires a __ that provides a ___
good nights sleep is important to maintain ___ ___
difficulty in thermoregulation is a big threat that requires an environment that provides external means of temperature regulation
good nights sleep is important for maintaining overall good health
need a sleep environment that is maximally conductive to sleeping
Hayflick Limit
of times a cell can divide in its life time
What is cross linking - cellular theories on why we age
Tissue stiffens as we age
What are Free Radicals - cellular theories of how we age
Reactive chemicals that cause cell damage
