CH3 Asses, Diagnose, Treat Flashcards
What are two main components of accurate assessment?
multimethod assessment (four assessment pilars) and multiple informants
What are the four components of psychological assessment identified by Jerome Sattler (2001)
(a) clinical interviews
(b) observation of children and families
(c) norm-referenced testing
(d) informal data gathering
Clinical interviews, the most important component of psychological assessment, often involves a mental status exam, which briefly assesses functioning across these main areas:
(1) overt behavior
(2) emotion
(3) cognition
What is the difference between mood and affect?
Mood is a long-term emotional disposition while affect is short-term emotional expression
Name five aspects of cognition that a clinician would observe during a mental status exam
thought content, thought process, orientation, insight, judgment
What happens in a structured diagnosis interview?
the clinician systematically reviews all the major psychiatric diagnoses with children and/or parents to see if the child meets criteria for any of them
What are the purposes of an assessment interview?
Identify the presenting problem, establish rapport, gather data about history and current functioning, and give a diagnosis
What are three methods of observation?
Observing the child during the interview, performing analogue tasks, and naturalistic observation
Why and how to clinicians perform a functional analysis of behavior?
Identify the antecedents and consequences of a behavior to determine the behavior’s function/purpose
Norm referenced testing involves the administration of a _____ of children’s behavior that allows comparisons of that child to other _____
standardized measure; same-age (and sometimes same gender) children/norm group
All norm-referenced tests are given in a standardized format, meaning that each administration of the test involves the same:
item content, administration procedure, and method of scoring and interpretation
To quantify children’s deviation from the mean, clinicians transform raw scores into _____
standard scores
What is the most frequently used measure of intellectual functioning in children and adolescents
The WISC-IV (Wechsler intelligence scale)
What are the four composite scores of the WISC-IV?
verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, processing speed
What is one of the most widely used and comprehensive tests of academic achievement in children? What are its four domains
The Woodcock-Johnson III Tests of Achievement (WJ-III); reading, mathematics, written language, oral language
What is the most common self-report measure of adolescent personality often used for adolescent psychopathology? What is its standard score?
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent (MMPI-A); T score
What is a common measure of behavioral functioning, often used to assess disruptive behavior disorders and emotional problems? What standard score is used?
The Behavioral Assessment System for Children-Second Edition (BASC-2); T score
What are the mean and standard deviation for IQ scores, T scores, and z scores
IQ (M=100, SD=15)
T (M=50, SD=10)
z (M=0, SD=1)
What are the two most common forms of test reliability?How are they quantified?
Test-retest reliability and internal consistency; quantified using a reliability coefficient
Technically, validity is not a property of a test. Rather, validity refers to the ability to _____
use test results for a specific purpose
What is the name of the standard system for administering, scoring, and interpreting the Rorschach?
The comprehensive system; based on how clients see inkblots (which features of the inkblot they use in the perceptual process) rather than what they see
What are three ways to examine the validity of a psychological test?
content validity (relevancy of items to test purpose) construct validity (how well scores reflect hypothesized behavioral attributes/constructs) criterion-realted validity (how well scores can be used to infer a probable standing on some external variable of interest)
What are two ways to investigate a test’s construct validity?
Find evidence of significant relationships between test scores and similar constructs (convergent validity) and nonsignificant relationships with dissimilar constructs (divergent validity)
What are two measures of criterior related validity?
Concurrent validity (degree to which test scores are related to theoretically similar constructs at the same point in time) Predictive validity (ability of scores to predict theoretically expected outcomes)
What does DSM stand for?
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental disorders
The DSM-5 is a compendium of mental disorders organized into _____ broad categories based on each disorder’s _____. It uses a _____ approach to diagnostic classification
20; symptom presentation; categorical
The DSM-5 developers organized disorders using three broad criteria:
Do disorders show similar antecedents, similar concurrent variables, and similar outcomes.
What are the advantages of diagnostic classification?
Parsimony, aids professional communication, aids prediction, helps plan treatment, helps individuals obtain social or educational services, helps ease parents, facilitates scientific discovery
What are the disadvantages of the DSM diagnostic classification?
Gains parsimony at the expense of detailed information, focuses on individuals rather than relationships, arbitrary distiction between normality and abnormality, unclear boundaries cause artifical comorbidity, criteria are subjective and value-laden, stigma
What is an alternative approach to categorical classification?
Dimensional (continuous) classification
What are three problems with stigma
Lowers self-worth by causing shame, leads to self-fulfilling prophecies, families may avoid seeking psychological services to avoid diagnostic label
What factors are common to all forms of psychotherapy?
trusting relationship, specific setting, explanation of client’s suffering, therapeutic ritual to alleviate suffering
What are the three necessary (and sufficient) factors for therapeutic change identified by Carl Rogers (1957)
unconditional positive regard, congruence (therapist must show genuine feelings and avoid staying unattached), empathy
Name the focus of the following systms of psychotherapy: behavior therapy, cognitive therapy, family systems therapy, interpersonal therapy, psychodynamic therapy
behavior therapy: overt actions and maladaptive behaviors
cognitive therapy: patterns of thinking
family therapy: patterns of communication/interaction among family members
interpersonal therapy: quality of relationships with others
psychodynamic therapy: intrapsychic conflict
Behavioral therapists think behavior is determined by _____, conditions that either _____ or _____ certain behaviors
environmental contingencies, punish, reinforce
Beck and Ellis’ approaches to cognitive therapy both empasize the connection between _____, _____, and _____. Beck thought that probelms were caused by_____ whereas Ellis claimed that _____ were the problem
Thoughts, feelings, and actions; cognitive distortions (beliefs that are out of touch with reality); irrational beliefs (absolute, dogmatic and rigid beliefs)
Salvador Minuchin (1974) developed a form a therapy called _____ , cheifly concerned with _____
Structural family therapy; quality of realtionships between family members (boundaries, alliances)
_____ familes are characterized by rigid boundaries, stifled communication, and disconnection. In contrast, _____ families have diffuse boundaries, where family members lack autonomy and intrude in each others’ lives.
Disengaged; enmeshed
According to the _____ of the mind, the mind can be divided into two levels, the _____ and the _____
topographic theory; conscious, unconscious
From the psychodynamic perspective, psychological symptoms reflect _____ mental activity. The primary goal is to provide _____, making the client aware of the _____ that contributes to his symptoms. One technique is to pay attention to the client’s _____, the attitude and patterns of interactions the client develops towards the therapist.
unconscious; insight; unconscious mental activity; transference
What are the major differences between therapy for children differs from therapy for adults?
motivational differences, cognitive and social-emotional differences (metacognition), goals of therapy (alleviate symptoms + promote development), control over ability to change, children and adolescents are more likely to have multiple psychiatric conditions
Most researchers consider effect sized of _____ to be small, _____ to be medium, and _____ to be large
0.20, 0.50, 0.80
What is the dodo verdict?
In adults, all forms of psychotherapy are approximately equally effective, on average. Doesn’t apply to child and adolescent therapies.
For children and adolesence, which therapies yielded the greatest effect sizes?
Behavioral therapies
What effect does age and gender have on response to treatment?
Greater for adolescents and for girls
Effects of therapy of children and adolescents probably _____
moderate
What is the difference between efficacy and effectiveness studies? What are the results of these studies.
Efficacy studies examine the effects of therapy under ideal conditions with specifically trained professionals in research settings. Effectiveness studies are under real-world conditions (i.e. administered by professionals in the community). Childrens therapies have been shown to be efficacious but there is limited evidence that they are effective.
