CH3 Asses, Diagnose, Treat

Question 0

What are two main components of accurate assessment?

Answer 0

multimethod assessment (four assessment pilars) and multiple informants

Question 1

What are the four components of psychological assessment identified by Jerome Sattler (2001)

Answer 1

(a) clinical interviews
(b) observation of children and families
(c) norm-referenced testing
(d) informal data gathering

Question 2

Clinical interviews, the most important component of psychological assessment, often involves a mental status exam, which briefly assesses functioning across these main areas:

Answer 2

(1) overt behavior
(2) emotion
(3) cognition

Question 3

What is the difference between mood and affect?

Answer 3

Mood is a long-term emotional disposition while affect is short-term emotional expression

Question 4

Name five aspects of cognition that a clinician would observe during a mental status exam

Answer 4

thought content, thought process, orientation, insight, judgment

Question 5

What happens in a structured diagnosis interview?

Answer 5

the clinician systematically reviews all the major psychiatric diagnoses with children and/or parents to see if the child meets criteria for any of them

Question 6

What are the purposes of an assessment interview?

Answer 6

Identify the presenting problem, establish rapport, gather data about history and current functioning, and give a diagnosis

Question 7

What are three methods of observation?

Answer 7

Observing the child during the interview, performing analogue tasks, and naturalistic observation

Question 8

Why and how to clinicians perform a functional analysis of behavior?

Answer 8

Identify the antecedents and consequences of a behavior to determine the behavior’s function/purpose

Question 9

Norm referenced testing involves the administration of a _____ of children’s behavior that allows comparisons of that child to other _____

Answer 9

standardized measure; same-age (and sometimes same gender) children/norm group

Question 10

All norm-referenced tests are given in a standardized format, meaning that each administration of the test involves the same:

Answer 10

item content, administration procedure, and method of scoring and interpretation

Question 11

To quantify children’s deviation from the mean, clinicians transform raw scores into _____

Answer 11

standard scores

Question 12

What is the most frequently used measure of intellectual functioning in children and adolescents

Answer 12

The WISC-IV (Wechsler intelligence scale)

Question 13

What are the four composite scores of the WISC-IV?

Answer 13

verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, processing speed

Question 14

What is one of the most widely used and comprehensive tests of academic achievement in children? What are its four domains

Answer 14

The Woodcock-Johnson III Tests of Achievement (WJ-III); reading, mathematics, written language, oral language

Question 15

What is the most common self-report measure of adolescent personality often used for adolescent psychopathology? What is its standard score?

Answer 15

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent (MMPI-A); T score

Question 16

What is a common measure of behavioral functioning, often used to assess disruptive behavior disorders and emotional problems? What standard score is used?

Answer 16

The Behavioral Assessment System for Children-Second Edition (BASC-2); T score

Question 17

What are the mean and standard deviation for IQ scores, T scores, and z scores

Answer 17

IQ (M=100, SD=15)
T (M=50, SD=10)
z (M=0, SD=1)

Question 18

What are the two most common forms of test reliability?How are they quantified?

Answer 18

Test-retest reliability and internal consistency; quantified using a reliability coefficient

Question 19

Technically, validity is not a property of a test. Rather, validity refers to the ability to _____

Answer 19

use test results for a specific purpose

Question 20

What is the name of the standard system for administering, scoring, and interpreting the Rorschach?

Answer 20

The comprehensive system; based on how clients see inkblots (which features of the inkblot they use in the perceptual process) rather than what they see

Question 21

What are three ways to examine the validity of a psychological test?

Answer 21

content validity (relevancy of items to test purpose)
construct validity (how well scores reflect hypothesized behavioral attributes/constructs)
criterion-realted validity (how well scores can be used to infer a probable standing on some external variable of interest)

Question 22

What are two ways to investigate a test’s construct validity?

Answer 22

Find evidence of significant relationships between test scores and similar constructs (convergent validity) and nonsignificant relationships with dissimilar constructs (divergent validity)

Question 23

What are two measures of criterior related validity?

Answer 23

Concurrent validity (degree to which test scores are related to theoretically similar constructs at the same point in time)
Predictive validity (ability of scores to predict theoretically expected outcomes)

Question 24

What does DSM stand for?

Answer 24

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental disorders

Question 25

The DSM-5 is a compendium of mental disorders organized into _____ broad categories based on each disorder’s _____. It uses a _____ approach to diagnostic classification

Answer 25

20; symptom presentation; categorical

Question 26

The DSM-5 developers organized disorders using three broad criteria:

Answer 26

Do disorders show similar antecedents, similar concurrent variables, and similar outcomes.

Question 27

What are the advantages of diagnostic classification?

Answer 27

Parsimony, aids professional communication, aids prediction, helps plan treatment, helps individuals obtain social or educational services, helps ease parents, facilitates scientific discovery

Question 28

What are the disadvantages of the DSM diagnostic classification?

Answer 28

Gains parsimony at the expense of detailed information, focuses on individuals rather than relationships, arbitrary distiction between normality and abnormality, unclear boundaries cause artifical comorbidity, criteria are subjective and value-laden, stigma

Question 29

What is an alternative approach to categorical classification?

Answer 29

Dimensional (continuous) classification

Question 30

What are three problems with stigma

Answer 30

Lowers self-worth by causing shame, leads to self-fulfilling prophecies, families may avoid seeking psychological services to avoid diagnostic label

Question 31

What factors are common to all forms of psychotherapy?

Answer 31

trusting relationship, specific setting, explanation of client’s suffering, therapeutic ritual to alleviate suffering

Question 32

What are the three necessary (and sufficient) factors for therapeutic change identified by Carl Rogers (1957)

Answer 32

unconditional positive regard, congruence (therapist must show genuine feelings and avoid staying unattached), empathy

Question 33

Name the focus of the following systms of psychotherapy: behavior therapy, cognitive therapy, family systems therapy, interpersonal therapy, psychodynamic therapy

Answer 33

behavior therapy: overt actions and maladaptive behaviors
cognitive therapy: patterns of thinking
family therapy: patterns of communication/interaction among family members
interpersonal therapy: quality of relationships with others
psychodynamic therapy: intrapsychic conflict

Question 34

Behavioral therapists think behavior is determined by _____, conditions that either _____ or _____ certain behaviors

Answer 34

environmental contingencies, punish, reinforce

Question 35

Beck and Ellis’ approaches to cognitive therapy both empasize the connection between _____, _____, and _____. Beck thought that probelms were caused by_____ whereas Ellis claimed that _____ were the problem

Answer 35

Thoughts, feelings, and actions; cognitive distortions (beliefs that are out of touch with reality); irrational beliefs (absolute, dogmatic and rigid beliefs)

Question 36

Salvador Minuchin (1974) developed a form a therapy called _____ , cheifly concerned with _____

Answer 36

Structural family therapy; quality of realtionships between family members (boundaries, alliances)

Question 37

_____ familes are characterized by rigid boundaries, stifled communication, and disconnection. In contrast, _____ families have diffuse boundaries, where family members lack autonomy and intrude in each others’ lives.

Answer 37

Disengaged; enmeshed

Question 38

According to the _____ of the mind, the mind can be divided into two levels, the _____ and the _____

Answer 38

topographic theory; conscious, unconscious

Question 39

From the psychodynamic perspective, psychological symptoms reflect _____ mental activity. The primary goal is to provide _____, making the client aware of the _____ that contributes to his symptoms. One technique is to pay attention to the client’s _____, the attitude and patterns of interactions the client develops towards the therapist.

Answer 39

unconscious; insight; unconscious mental activity; transference

Question 40

What are the major differences between therapy for children differs from therapy for adults?

Answer 40

motivational differences, cognitive and social-emotional differences (metacognition), goals of therapy (alleviate symptoms + promote development), control over ability to change, children and adolescents are more likely to have multiple psychiatric conditions

Question 41

Most researchers consider effect sized of _____ to be small, _____ to be medium, and _____ to be large

Answer 41

0.20, 0.50, 0.80

Question 42

What is the dodo verdict?

Answer 42

In adults, all forms of psychotherapy are approximately equally effective, on average. Doesn’t apply to child and adolescent therapies.

Question 43

For children and adolesence, which therapies yielded the greatest effect sizes?

Answer 43

Behavioral therapies

Question 44

What effect does age and gender have on response to treatment?

Answer 44

Greater for adolescents and for girls

Question 45

Effects of therapy of children and adolescents probably _____

Answer 45

moderate

Question 46

What is the difference between efficacy and effectiveness studies? What are the results of these studies.

Answer 46

Efficacy studies examine the effects of therapy under ideal conditions with specifically trained professionals in research settings. Effectiveness studies are under real-world conditions (i.e. administered by professionals in the community). Childrens therapies have been shown to be efficacious but there is limited evidence that they are effective.