CH1 Science & Practice

Question 0

Prevalence of mental disorders in youths aged 6 to 16 is approximately _____ . An additional _____ of youths show subthreshold symptoms.

Answer 0

15%; 5-6%

Question 1

Scientists who study the prevalence of medical and psychological disorders in the general population

Answer 1

Epidemiologists

Question 2

showing the same problem over time

problems change over time into other related disorder

Answer 2

homotypic continuity

heterotypic continuity

Question 3

Do children tend to show homotypic or heterotypic continuity?

Answer 3

Heterotypic

Question 4

Prevalence of 4 most common psychological disorders in children and adolescents

Answer 4

Anxiety disorder = 6.5%
ADHD = 3.3%
Conduct problems = 3.3%
Depressive disorders = 2.1%

Question 5

Most common psychological disorders in children and adolescents in order of prevalence

Answer 5

(1) Anxiety, (2) ADHD, (3) conduct problems, (4) depression, (5) substance abuse, (6) Autism spectrum, (7) eating, (8) bipolar, (9) schizophrenia

Question 6

Mental and behavioral disorders are more common among adolescents or children?

Answer 6

adolescents

Question 7

Prevalence of psychotropic medication among youths in the US?

Answer 7

5.2%

Question 8

Most commonly prescribed psychotropic medicantions to youths in the US?

Answer 8

psychostimulants (Ritalin, Adderall) = 3.4%
antidepressants (Paxil, Prozac) = 1.5%
antianxiety (BuSpar) = 0.4%
Antipsychotics (Risperdal) = 0.4%

Question 9

What are the barriers to children’s mental health services?

Answer 9

financial hardship, difficulty finding services, lack of experts, stigma

Question 10

Ways to define abnormal behavior in children and adolescents

Answer 10

statistical deviancy, ability or degree of impairment, psychological distress, behavioral rigidity, harmful dysfunction

Question 11

Problems with the DSM-5 conceptualization of a mental disorder

Answer 11

Its medical model assumes disorders reside in the individual rather than between people an claims that all mental disorder must have an underlying psychobiological dysfunction (rather than purely psychological). Doesn’t account for how socio-cultural factors affect the presentation of disorders.

Question 12

Used to describe the way biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors interact with each other to influence development over time

Answer 12

epigenesis

Question 13

Arnold Sameroff used the term transactional to refer to the way ___

Answer 13

factors across levels of development (biological, psychological, sociocultural) affect each other over time

Question 14

The complex transaction of biogenetic, psychological, familial, and social-cultural factors that shape development over time

Answer 14

probabilistic epigeneis

Question 15

Developmental psychopathologists are very interested in _____ in child and adolescent development, but predicting them is difficult because many factors interact to affect a child’s _____ .The complex interactions between biogenetic, psychological, familial, and social factors over time produce two phenomena:

Answer 15

individual differences; developmental outcomes; equifinality & multifinality

Question 16

Occurs when children with different developmental histories show similar developmental outcomes

Answer 16

equifinality - limits statements we can make about the causes of psychopathology

Question 17

Refers to the tendancy of chilren with similar early experiences to show different social, emotional, and behavioral outcomes

Answer 17

multifinality - limits statements we can make about a prognosis

Question 18

The salience of a risk factor depends on ___

Answer 18

the child’s age, gender, level of development, and environmental context

Question 19

Assumes that psychological research and clinical practic are interdependent and equally important facets of psychological training

Answer 19

scientist-practitioner approach

Question 20

5 general principles of the APA ethics code

Answer 20

(1) beneficence and nonmaleficence, (2) fidelity and responsibility, (3) integrity, (4) justice, (5) respect for people’s rights and dignity

Question 21

ccurs when a psychologist, who is in a professional role with a client, enters into another relationship with the same individual or a peprson closely associated with that individual

Answer 21

multiple relationship

Question 22

How do age, gender, and environment affect the prevalence of childhood mental disorders?

Answer 22

Increased risk for adolescents, girls, and low SES

Question 23

The DSM definition of mental disorder is: a _____ characterized by _____ disturbance in an ______ cognition, emotion regular, or behavior that reflects a underlying _____ . Mental disorders are usually associoated with significant _____ or _____. An acceptable or culturally approved response to a common stressor or loss, such as _____ , is not a mental disorder. Socially deviant behaviors are not mental disorders unless it results from _____ .

Answer 23

syndrome; clinically significant; an individual’s; dysfunction; distress or disability/impairment; death of a loved one; underlying dysfunction.

Question 24

Developmental psychopathology is a _____ field that seeks to understand childhood disorders from the perspective of _____ . It assumes that problems are best understood across _____ and over _____ . _____ and _____ affect children’s ability to perform ____ at each stage of development, the success of which put children on paths towards greater competence and _____ .

Answer 24

interdisciplinary; normal development; multiple levels (genetic, neurobiological, family system, socio-cultural; time; risk factors, protective factors; developmental tasks; adaptive functioning

Question 25

Standards of the APA ethics code relevant to abnormal child psychology include:

(1) practicing ____
(2) protecting _____
(3) avoiding _____
(4) allowing _____

Answer 25

practicing only within one’s area of competence; protecting confidentiality of children and parents; avoiding multiple relationships; allowing people to make informed decisions regarding treatment

Question 26

In most jurisdictions, the right to confidentiality is held by _____. There are five limitations that should be made known to clients:

Answer 26

parents; imminent danger to self or other; suspects child abuse or neglect; court order; limited info to obtain payment for services; limited info to obtain consultation

Question 27

How can a clinitial practice scientifically informed practice?

Answer 27

Base interventions on research literature or empirical data

Question 28

Normal behavior is determined by the degree to which the child’s _____ are _____, given his developmental _____ and dependent on the child’s _____.

Answer 28

actions; adaptive, tasks; environmental context