CH1 Science & Practice Flashcards
Prevalence of mental disorders in youths aged 6 to 16 is approximately _____ . An additional _____ of youths show subthreshold symptoms.
15%; 5-6%
Scientists who study the prevalence of medical and psychological disorders in the general population
Epidemiologists
showing the same problem over time
problems change over time into other related disorder
homotypic continuity
heterotypic continuity
Do children tend to show homotypic or heterotypic continuity?
Heterotypic
Prevalence of 4 most common psychological disorders in children and adolescents
Anxiety disorder = 6.5%
ADHD = 3.3%
Conduct problems = 3.3%
Depressive disorders = 2.1%
Most common psychological disorders in children and adolescents in order of prevalence
(1) Anxiety, (2) ADHD, (3) conduct problems, (4) depression, (5) substance abuse, (6) Autism spectrum, (7) eating, (8) bipolar, (9) schizophrenia
Mental and behavioral disorders are more common among adolescents or children?
adolescents
Prevalence of psychotropic medication among youths in the US?
5.2%
Most commonly prescribed psychotropic medicantions to youths in the US?
psychostimulants (Ritalin, Adderall) = 3.4%
antidepressants (Paxil, Prozac) = 1.5%
antianxiety (BuSpar) = 0.4%
Antipsychotics (Risperdal) = 0.4%
What are the barriers to children’s mental health services?
financial hardship, difficulty finding services, lack of experts, stigma
Ways to define abnormal behavior in children and adolescents
statistical deviancy, ability or degree of impairment, psychological distress, behavioral rigidity, harmful dysfunction
Problems with the DSM-5 conceptualization of a mental disorder
Its medical model assumes disorders reside in the individual rather than between people an claims that all mental disorder must have an underlying psychobiological dysfunction (rather than purely psychological). Doesn’t account for how socio-cultural factors affect the presentation of disorders.
Used to describe the way biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors interact with each other to influence development over time
epigenesis
Arnold Sameroff used the term transactional to refer to the way ___
factors across levels of development (biological, psychological, sociocultural) affect each other over time
The complex transaction of biogenetic, psychological, familial, and social-cultural factors that shape development over time
probabilistic epigeneis
Developmental psychopathologists are very interested in _____ in child and adolescent development, but predicting them is difficult because many factors interact to affect a child’s _____ .The complex interactions between biogenetic, psychological, familial, and social factors over time produce two phenomena:
individual differences; developmental outcomes; equifinality & multifinality
Occurs when children with different developmental histories show similar developmental outcomes
equifinality - limits statements we can make about the causes of psychopathology
Refers to the tendancy of chilren with similar early experiences to show different social, emotional, and behavioral outcomes
multifinality - limits statements we can make about a prognosis
The salience of a risk factor depends on ___
the child’s age, gender, level of development, and environmental context
Assumes that psychological research and clinical practic are interdependent and equally important facets of psychological training
scientist-practitioner approach
5 general principles of the APA ethics code
(1) beneficence and nonmaleficence, (2) fidelity and responsibility, (3) integrity, (4) justice, (5) respect for people’s rights and dignity
ccurs when a psychologist, who is in a professional role with a client, enters into another relationship with the same individual or a peprson closely associated with that individual
multiple relationship
How do age, gender, and environment affect the prevalence of childhood mental disorders?
Increased risk for adolescents, girls, and low SES
The DSM definition of mental disorder is: a _____ characterized by _____ disturbance in an ______ cognition, emotion regular, or behavior that reflects a underlying _____ . Mental disorders are usually associoated with significant _____ or _____. An acceptable or culturally approved response to a common stressor or loss, such as _____ , is not a mental disorder. Socially deviant behaviors are not mental disorders unless it results from _____ .
syndrome; clinically significant; an individual’s; dysfunction; distress or disability/impairment; death of a loved one; underlying dysfunction.
Developmental psychopathology is a _____ field that seeks to understand childhood disorders from the perspective of _____ . It assumes that problems are best understood across _____ and over _____ . _____ and _____ affect children’s ability to perform ____ at each stage of development, the success of which put children on paths towards greater competence and _____ .
interdisciplinary; normal development; multiple levels (genetic, neurobiological, family system, socio-cultural; time; risk factors, protective factors; developmental tasks; adaptive functioning
Standards of the APA ethics code relevant to abnormal child psychology include:
(1) practicing ____
(2) protecting _____
(3) avoiding _____
(4) allowing _____
practicing only within one’s area of competence; protecting confidentiality of children and parents; avoiding multiple relationships; allowing people to make informed decisions regarding treatment
In most jurisdictions, the right to confidentiality is held by _____. There are five limitations that should be made known to clients:
parents; imminent danger to self or other; suspects child abuse or neglect; court order; limited info to obtain payment for services; limited info to obtain consultation
How can a clinitial practice scientifically informed practice?
Base interventions on research literature or empirical data
Normal behavior is determined by the degree to which the child’s _____ are _____, given his developmental _____ and dependent on the child’s _____.
actions; adaptive, tasks; environmental context
