ch3

Question 1

how is ATP replenished by ADP

Answer 1

ADP is phosphorylated to re-form ATP in an endergonic, or energy-requiring reaction.

Question 2

3 major energy systems

Answer 2

• creatine phosphate
• anaerobic glycolysis
• oxidative phosphorylation

Question 3

predominant energy system in high intensity short-term exercise

Answer 3

creatine phosphate

Question 4

predominant energy system in 400m race

Answer 4

anaerobic glycolysis

Question 5

predominant energy system in a marathon

Answer 5

oxidative phosphorylation

Question 6

How is creatine rephosphorylated after its use in skeletal muscle

Answer 6

with an ATP from the mitochondria (via creatine shuttle) reaches with creatine molecule to replenish the creatine phosphate

Question 7

Provide some examples of exercises or the types of training that creatine supplementation would be useful for

Answer 7

high-intensity/short duration
- strength and power training
- sprinting & explosive mvts
- HIIT
- combat sports
- body building

Question 8

suggested creatine supplement regimen

Answer 8

acute: 20-25g/day 5-6days
maintain: 2-3g/day
slower inc: 3g/day

Question 9

effectiveness of creatine supplementation

Answer 9

30% non-responders

Question 10

Is glucose in the muscle available for the regulation of blood glucose

Answer 10

no
This is because muscle cells lack the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase, which is required to convert glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) into free glucose that can be released into the bloodstream.

Question 11

what is glycolysis

Answer 11

breakdown of glucose through a specific series of chemical steps to phosphorylate ADP and from ATP

Question 12

what is glycogenolysis

Answer 12

breakdown of glycogen for energy

Question 13

wha is a rate limiting enzyme

Answer 13

enzyme that controls the speed of all the rx in the same way that the overall speed of an assembly lline is governed by the speed of the slowest worker

Question 14

rate limitin enzyme for glycolysis

Answer 14

phosphofructokinase (PFK)

Question 15

net ATP production of anaerobic glycolysis

Answer 15

2

Question 16

glycolysis vs glycogenolysis (ATP)

Answer 16

when breaking down strating form glycolysis = 2ATP
glycogenolysis = 3ATP

Question 17

what impacts the anaerobic glycolysis more

Answer 17

PFK activity
rarely limited by depletion

Question 18

major disadvantage of anerobic glycolysis

Answer 18

build up of acidity

Question 19

metabolic acidosis

Answer 19

build up of acidity from anaerobic glycolysis
causes fatigue
anaerobic can only last 1-2 min bc of it

Question 20

How is lactate that is produced as a result of anaerobic glycolysis disposed of or used in the body?

Answer 20

accumulation of lactate does inc acidity but it is not only a waste product
lactate can be turned into pyruvate to be used as energy after

Question 21

. What is the predominant energy system during moderate-intensity, long-term exercise?

Answer 21

oxidative phosphorylation

Question 22

What is meant by the term V˙O2max?

Answer 22

is the maximum amount of oxygen that an individual can utilize during intense or maximal exercise. It is a key indicator of aerobic fitness and cardiovascular endurance.

Question 23

When aerobic exercise begins, why does it take a few minutes for oxygen consumption to rise to a level that will supply sufficient energy to support the exercise?

Answer 23

aerobic lag time
HR, SV and respiratory rate need time to adapt and inc to reach steady state
oxygen delivering is limited bc blood flow not yet ajusted

Question 24

whaere does energy come from in the adaptation phase in the begining of aerobic activity

Answer 24

from the anaerobic systems until the body has adapted to its oxygen needs

Question 25

. What are the phases of oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 25

1. carbs, fats, prot prepared to be metabolized aerobically 2. krebs cycle (oxidize) 3.electron transport chain rel energy to rephosphorylate ADP to ATP * all in mitochondria

Question 26

How does quantity and timing of the ATP produced with oxidative phosphorylation compare to that produced from glycolysis?

Answer 26

oxidative = long + more energy glycolysis = fast, less ATP

Question 27

Why does oxygen consumption remain elevated for a period of time after exercise?

Answer 27

EPOC (excess postexercise oxygen consumptiion) oxygen still high to replenish creatine phosphate via creatine shuttl ein mitochondria (needs oxygen to reattach phosphate to creatine) also lactate taken up by aerobic tissue to be converted to pyruvate and metabolised aerobically in mitochndria

Question 28

Why are proteins not a preferred fuel source when compared to carbohydrates and fats?

Answer 28

breakdown of protein metabolically taxing compared to carbs and fats

Question 29

advantage carbs for high intensity exercise

Answer 29

Fewer chemical steps are involved in carbohydrate oxi- dation, and less oxygen consumption is required for the amount of ATP produced, making carbohydrates the pre- ferred fuel source at higher intensities of exercise.