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nutrition > ch2 > Flashcards

ch2 Flashcards

1
Q

name 3 forms of energy

A

mechanical
chemical
heat

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2
Q

example of chemical energy in the body

A

storage of carbohydrates by forming glycogen for later use

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3
Q

example of mechanical energy

A

force production by skeletal muscle

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4
Q

energy efficiency in humans

A

20%: for mvt and work
80%: homeostasis (heat)

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5
Q

can ATP ever be completely depleted by exercising muscle

A

no (law of term dynamics)
always replenishing with 3 systems

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6
Q

how does the muscle respond to reduced ATP concentration

A

regenerates through
- creatine phosphate
- anaerobic glycolysis
- oxidative phosporylation

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7
Q

commonly used units of measure for energy in the field of nutrition

A

calorie
kcalorie
joule
kjoule

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8
Q

how do you go from kcal to joule

A

1 kcal- 4.2 kjoule

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9
Q

How is the energy content of food determined?

A
  • Bomb calorimeter method (sealed container, calculates heat of food being burned)
  • Atwater factor
    (estimated with energy values of macronutrients)
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10
Q

energy content for carb

A

4kcal/g

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11
Q

energy content for protein

A

4kcal/g

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12
Q

energy content for fats

A

9kcal/g

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13
Q

energy content for alcohol

A

7kcal/g

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14
Q

how is energy expenditure measured by direct calorimetry

A

assessing the heat produced by the body during various activity.
process involves chamber or room designed to trap and measure the heat released by the body

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15
Q

what does indirect calorimetry mean

A

estimation of energy expenditure by measuring the amount of oxygen consumed and CO2 produced
so not using heat to dev energy expenditure

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16
Q

what is RER

A

respiratory exchange ratio
ratio of CO2 produced vs O2 consumed

17
Q

what can RER tell us

A

which type of macronutrient our body is using for energy

18
Q

substrate utilization vs RER

A

RER around & > 1 = carbs
RER around 0.7 = fats
RER btw 1-0.7 = mixed

19
Q

RER equation

A

RER = VCO2/VO2

20
Q

other ways to measure energy expenditure

A
  • doubly labeled water
  • HR monitoring
  • accelerometer
  • activity records
  • energy equations
21
Q

lbs to kg

A

lbs = 0.45kg

22
Q

what is the energy balance equation

A

relationship between the energy you take in through food and the energy you expend through mvt and other bodily function
energy in = energy out

23
Q

components of energy out

A
  • resting metabolism (70%)
  • physical activity (20%)
  • thermic effect of food (10%)
24
Q

what Is RMR

A

resting metabolic rate
amount of energy body needs for basic vital functions while at rest

25
Q

what affects RMR

A
  • gender
  • genetics
  • age
  • body size
  • thyroid hormone
  • starvation
  • amount of fat free tissue
  • exercises
  • env temp
  • ascending to high altitude
  • caffeine intake
26
Q

greater influence on RMR

A
  • starvation (reduced)
  • amount of fat free tissue (fat-free tissue more metabolicly active)
27
Q

.How accurate are prediction equations for estimating Resting Metabolic Rate?

A
  • large measurement errors
  • only estimates
28
Q

. What factor would you use to estimate the daily energy needs for a female or male athlete who is at soccer practice 2-3 h/d? recovering from broken leg? Playing singles tennis 1-1.5 h every 2 days? A professional rugby player? Training for an iron man? Training for a triathalon?

A

soccer = 37-41
broken leg = 30-31
tennis =35-38
rugby = 38-45
iron man = 50-60
triathlon = 41-51

29
Q

most accurate way of measuring TDEE

A

total daily energy expenditure

direct or indirect calorimetry

30
Q

most practical way to measure TDEE in a university or club setting

A
  • predictive equations
  • activity trackers/ wearable devices
  • activity diaries/self-reported questionaires

nutrition (11 decks)

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