Ch.28 and 29 Flashcards
1
Q
What is a layer extending an average of 12 km above Earth’s surface called?
A
troposphere
2
Q
What describes the increasing temperature of air with increasing altitude?
A
temperature inversion
3
Q
What is a natural process in which certain gases in the atmosphere warm a planet as they absorb and emit infrared radiation called?
A
Greenhouse effect
4
Q
How are the atmospheric layers divided?
A
the difference in composition and temperature
5
Q
What gas makes up the majority of the atmosphere?
A
Nitrogen- 78%
6
Q
Which gas makes up 21% of the atmosphere?
A
Oxygen
7
Q
What is the remaining 1% of the atmosphere made up of?
A
Trace Gases
Majority of those trace gases are Argon
8
Q
Within the troposphere, does temperature increase or decrease with altitude?
A
Decrease
9
Q
How many layers are there in the Earth’s atmosphere?
A
5
10
Q
What are the names of the atmospheric layers closest to surface then going up?
A
Troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere
11
Q
Which layer is the ozone layer found in?
A
stratosphere
12
Q
Within the stratosphere, does temperature increase or decrease with altitude?
A
increase
13
Q
Within the mesosphere, does the temperature increase or decrease with altitude?
A
the lower mesosphere it decreases and once it gets to 80 km it increases
14
Q
Do the thermosphere and the exosphere impact weather ?
A
No
15
Q
What is a narrow band of fast moving, high altitude air called?
A
jet stream
16
Q
What is the apparent deflection of an object due to Earth’s rotation called?
A
Coriolis effect
17
Q
What is a large volume of air with uniform moisture and temperature throughout called?
A
air mass
18
Q
what is the zone along which two or more air masses interact, producing certain weather conditions called?
A
weather front
19
Q
How many jet streams are there in the entire world?
A
4
20
Q
How many pressure systems are there?
A
2
21
Q
What are low pressure systems also know as?
A
Low(L)
22
Q
Which direction does a Low rotate?
A
counterclockwise
23
Q
What are some results over a low pressure system ?
A
air rises causing cloud formation and precipitation
24
Q
What is a high pressure system also know as?
A
High(H)
25
Which direction does a high rotate?
clockwise
26
What is a result in high pressure systems?
the air sinks which results in clear skies
27
What are the 4 weather fronts?
Cold, Warm, Stationary, and Occluded
28
How are cold fronts created?
when cold air forces warm air upward in a fast and chaotic manner
29
How are cold fronts represented in a weather forecast?
blue triangles
30
How are warm fronts created?
warm air rises gently above cold air
31
How are warm fronts represented in a weather forecast?
red semicircles(half circle)
32
How are stationary fronts created?
cold and warm air masses meet and neither front advances
33
How are stationary fronts represented in weather forecast?
red semicircles and blue triangles alternating bottom and top
34
How are Occluded fronts created?
a fast moving cold front overtaking a slow warm front
35
How are Occluded fronts represented on forecast?
triangles and semicircles together alternating
36
What is a climate that is strongly affected by an ocean called?
maritime climate
37
What is a climate that is not directly affected by an ocean called?
continental climate
38
What is a local wind created by temperature and pressure called?
sea breeze
39
What is climate?
the long term average of weather conditions
40
What is weather
day to day outside conditions
41
What are the 5 spheres that make up Earths's system?
Atmosphere, Biosphere, Hydrosphere, Lithosphere, Cryosphere
42
What is the atmosphere?
the air that's around us
43
What is the bisophere?
everything organic/living
44
What is the hydrosphere?
any liquid water
45
What is the cryosphere?
frozen water in snow, ice, and glaciers
46
What is the lithosphere?
Earth's outermost layer
47
What is the primary factor that influences climate at any given location?
Latitude
48
Where is solar radiation most intense on Earth's surface?
Equator
49
At what angle do the sun rays hit the tropical zones?
90 degrees
50
At what angle do the sun rays hit Earth in the temperate zone?
45 degrees
51
At what angle to the sun rays hit the polar zone?
30 degrees
52
Which zone is Lamar CO gonna be located in ?
Temperate
53
What other factors determine climate?
Precipitation, Mountains, Water
54
What is the windward side conditions like?
cool and wet and there's a lot of vegetation
55
What is the leeward side conditions like ?
warm and dry. There's little to no vegetation
56
What is it called when the wind blows from the land to the sea ?
land breeze
57
Which climate zone and vegetation does Lamar CO have?
warm, semi-arid, and grassland
58
What does 100% of solar radiation come from?
sun
59
What percent of solar radiation is absorbed by Earth's surface?
50%
60
What percent of solar radiation is reflected off of Earth's surface?
5%
61
What percent of solar radiation is absorbed by particles in the atmosphere?
20%
62
What percent of solar radiation is reflected by particles in the atmosphere
25%
63
What the 3 basic cloud shapes?
stratus, cumulus, and cirrus
64
Describe stratus clouds
layered, sheet-like clouds associated with rain
65
Describe cumulus clouds
puffy and occur in fair weather
66
Describe cirrus clouds
wispy, high altitude clouds
67
An increase in the average temperatures of Earth's near-surface air and oceans is called what?
global warming
68
What is the warming of the Pacific Ocean off the coast of western South America that occurs every 3 to 10 years called?
El Nino
69
What occurs when trade winds in the Pacific are unusually strong and surface water is colder than normal?
El Nina
70
What are two changes that Earth's climate undergoes?
seasonal and long term changes
71
How do seasonal changes occur?
as Earth revolves around the sun
72
Which hemisphere experiences summer?
the hemisphere that is tilted towards the sun
73
What was the period called when most of Earth's surface was covered in ice?
Ice age
74
About how long ago did the Earth's climate reach its current pattern?
3,000 years ago
75
What are some factors that can cause climate change?
the tilt of Earth's axis
the shape of the orbit
distance from the sun
76
How can humans impact climate change?
energy consumption, deforestation, industrial practices, and agricultural practices
77
What is deforestation ?
the clearing of large areas of forest land
78
What are 2 factors that affect gravitational strength?
masses of each object and distance between them
79
Which of Earth's diameter is longer? Pull to pull or the equator?
Equator
80
What does the magnetic field protect Earth from?
harmful radiation from the sun
81
Which hemisphere is the south magnetic pole located?
northern hemisphere
82
At what degrees is Earth's axis tilted?
11.7 degrees
83
Can the magnetic poles change?
yes
84
What is the name of the large scale movements where the magnetic poles switch?
magnetic reversals
85
How often to magnetic reversals occur?
200,000 years
86
Which part of Earth's magnetic field deflects harmful radition from the sun?
magnetosphere
87
What are the two scientific names for the northern and southern lights?
aurora borealis and aurora australis
88
How are the aurora's created?
electrically charged particles collide with atoms in the atmosphere and emit light
89
When is Earth closest to the sun?
January (147 million km away)
90
When is Earth farthest away from the sun?
July (152 million km)
91
what is an elongated, closed curve with two foci
ellipse
92
What is an area 15 degrees wide in which the time is the same called?
time zone
93
What is the spinning of Earth on its axis, an imaginary line drawn from Earth's North Pole to its South Pole called?
Rotation
94
What is the motion of Earth in an elliptical orbit around the Sun ?
Revolution
95
What is defined as the plane of Earth's orbit around the Sun?
ecliptic
96
What occurs when Earth's rotational axis is tilted directly toward the Sun or away from the Sun?
solstice
97
What is it called when Earth's rotational axis is perpendicular to a line drawn from the center of Earth to the center of the Sun?
Equinox
98
Who devised a method of timekeeping around 3000 B.C?
Babylonians
99
What was the symbol for degree taken from?
their symbol for the sun
100
How many degrees does the earth spin in one day?
360 degrees
101
How many hours does it take the earth to make one full rotation?
23 hours 56 min 4 s
102
How many degrees does the earth spin in one hour?
15 degrees
103
What direction does the sun rise?
East
104
What direction does the sun set?
West
105
True or False. All time zones are the exact same size?
False, they are modified to fit around cities, states, and country borders, and other key sites
106
How many time zones are there in the world?
24
107
Which direction do you move to add hours to the time?
East
108
Which direction do you move the subtract hours from the time?W
West
109
How many times zones are there in the US?
6
110
What are the names on the time zones in the US?
Pacific, Atlantic, Mountain, Eastern, Central
111
What is a solar day?
the time required for the Earth to rotate once relative to the background of the stars
112
What is a sidereal day?
where looking at one star appears again when looking at the again after rotating
113
What are the 2 main reasons for seasons?
revolution and tilt of the axis
114
Which 2 seasons have a solstice?
summer and winter
115
Which month is the summer solstice?
June 21st
116
Which month is the winter solstice?
December 21st
117
Which two seasons are equinoxes?
fall and spring
118
Which month is the spring equinox?
March 20th-21st
119
Which month is the fall equinox?
September 22nd-23rd
120
When is the longest day of the year?
June 21st
121
When is the shortest day of the year?
winter solstice (December 21st)
122
When are the days almost 12 hours of day and 12 hours of night?
equinoxes
123
What is a rise or fall in the ocean surface called?
Tide
124
What occurs when the moon moves directly between the sun and Earth and casts a shadow on Earth?
Solar eclipse
125
What occurs when Earth passes between the sun and the moon and casts a shadow on the moon?
Lunar eclipse
126
What reflects the change in appearance of the moon as seen from Earth?
Moon phase
127
What are the dark-colored, flat, lava-filled regions on the Moon's surface called?
Maria
128
What is a layer of dusty lunar material produced by collisions between asteroids and comets and the moon called?
Regolith
129
How many days does it take the moon to revolve around Earth?
27.3 days
130
A complete lunar phase cycle takes 29.5 days, what is it called?
synodic month
131
Do we ever see the back side of the moon?
No
132
What causes a tide to rise or fall?
gravitational pull by the sun and moon
133
What is the rise of sea level called?
high tide
134
After the sea level rises, how many hours does it take for the sea level to drop?
6 hours
135
What is farther from Earth, the sun or the moon?
Sun
136
Doe the moon or the sun cause a greater effect on Earth's tides?
Moon
137
How are the sun, the earth, and the moon aligned for a spring tide?
sun,earth, moon
| In a straight line
138
How are the sun, the moon, and the earth aligned for a neap tide?
sun,earth,moon
| 90 degree angle
139
What does the phase of the moon you see depend on?
position of the Moon, Earth, and the Sun relative to one another
140
When does a new moon occur?
when the moon is between the earth and sun
141
How many phases of the moon are there?
8
142
What is the definition of waxing phases?
the illuminated portion of the moon that we see appears larger each night
143
What is the definition of waning phases?
the illuminated portion of the moon that we see begins to appear smaller
144
What are the moon phase names?
New moon, Waxing crescent, 1st quarter, Waxing gibbous, full, Waning gibbous, 3rd quarter, Waning crescent
145
Where is the word month derived from?
an old German word that also comes from the root word of moon
146
How is the earth, moon, and sun aligned during a solar eclipse ?
sun, moon, earth
147
What is an umbra?
the darkest portion of the moon's shadow
148
What is a penumbra?
the lightest portion of the Moon's shadow that a partial solar eclipse
149
How is the earth moon and sun aligned during a lunar eclipse?
sun, earth, moon
150
How are the depressions on the moon formed?
asteroids, meteorites, and comets
151
Are there mountains on the moon?
Yes
152
Which side of the moon is thicker?
the dark side of the moon/ side not facing earth
153
Is the mantle of the moon a solid or a liquid?
solid
154
What did the Clementine spacecraft do?
confirmed that the crust on the side facing earth is much thinner than on the far side and also provided information on the mineral content of Moon rocks
155
What did the Lunar Prospector do?
took photographs of the surface, confirmed that the moon had a small iron rich core, and collected evidence that supports the presence of water-ice on the Moon
156
What is the Giant Impact Theory ?
where a mars sized object collided with earth sending debris out into orbit that debris condensed into a large mass, forming the Moon
