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Physical Science > Ch 27 > Flashcards

Ch 27 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the process that involves the physical or chemical breakdown of materials on Earth’s surface ?

A

Weathering

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2
Q

What is the mixture of weathered rock, organic matter, water, and air that is capable of supporting plant life called?

A

Soil

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3
Q

What is the removal of surface material through the process of weathering called?

A

Erosion

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4
Q

What is it called as rocks weather, erosional agents like water, ice, wind, and gravity move eroded materials from one place to another?

A

sediment transport

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5
Q

When the erosional agent slows down or melts, and it drops this sediment load in the process called what?

A

Deposition

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6
Q

The land area that gathers water for a major river is called a river’s what?

A

Drainage basin

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7
Q

The movement of water parallel to the shoreline is called what?

A

A longshore current

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8
Q

Do rocks weather at the same rate?

A

No

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9
Q

What are the main two factors that determine how fast a rock will weather?

A

Rock Type and Landscape

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10
Q

What are the two types of weathering?

A

Mechanical and Chemical

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11
Q

What type of change happens with mechanical weathering?

A

physical change

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12
Q

What type of change happens with chemical weathering?

A

Chemical change

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13
Q

What are the 3 specific types of mechanical weathering?

A

Frost Wedging, Biological Activity, and Collisions

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14
Q

What causes frost wedging?

A

collected water in the cracks of a rock and then freezes

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15
Q

What is the cycle called during the frost wedging?

A

freeze-thaw cycle

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16
Q

What causes biological activity?

A

Plants and Animals

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17
Q

What causes weathering during collisions ?

A

Rocks falling from a cliff or tumble through turbulent rivers, or rockslides

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18
Q

What is parent material?

A

the material soil is formed from

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19
Q

What are soil horizons?

A

All the different layers of soil

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20
Q

How many soil horizons are there?

A

6

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21
Q

True or False. All soils contain every soil horizon?

A

False

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22
Q

What are the specific soil horizons?

A

O, A, E, B, C, and R horizons

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23
Q

What does the first soil horizon contain ?

A

Organic material

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24
Q

What is the second horizon mostly made up of?

A

Mostly minerals

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25
Q

Which layer does leaching occur?

A

E horizon

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26
Q

Which horizon collects materials from previous horizons?

A

B Horizon

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27
Q

Which layer is partially weathered bedrock?

A

C Horizon

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28
Q

Which layer is unweathered bedrock?

A

R Horizon

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29
Q

Which soil horizons make up the topsoil?

A

O and A Horizons

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30
Q

Which soil horizons make up the subsoil?

A

E and B Subsoil

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31
Q

Which horizons make up the true soil?

A

O, A, E, and B Horizon

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32
Q

What are chemical changes due to water?

A

Hydrolysis

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33
Q

What are chemical changes due to oxygen ?

A

Oxidation

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34
Q

What is the difference between weathering and erosion?

A

Weathering is the breakdown of materials and erosion is the removal of surface material

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35
Q

If the slope of the river decreases, what happens to the speed of the river?

A

it decreases

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36
Q

small streams that flow into larger rivers are called ____

A

tributaries

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37
Q

land area that gathers water for a major river is called a ____

A

drainage basin

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38
Q

A boundary that separates distinct drainage basins is called a ____

A

drainage divide

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39
Q

As water flows downhill under the influence of gravity, water erodes earth’s surface creating _____

A

channels

40
Q

Young rivers are _____ due to the fast movement

A

V-shaped

41
Q

_____ rivers are wide with smooth and gentle slopes

A

Mature

42
Q

When rivers flood and drop their sediment load, which type of land form is created?

A

Flood Plains

43
Q

What is a fan-shaped sediment deposit that forms at the mouth of the river?

A

Deltas

44
Q

What are distributaries?

A

the branching channels

45
Q

What land forms form where the mouth of the river or stream enters dry land?

A

Alluvial Fans

46
Q

What are the two types of glaciers?

A

Valley and Continental Glaciers

47
Q

Where do valley glaciers form?

A

in high, mountainous regions

48
Q

Where do continental glaciers form?

A

in colder climates that occupy large land areas

49
Q

Where are the two continental glaciers located?

A

Greenland and Antarctica

50
Q

What is a cirque?

A

A bowl shaped basin

51
Q

What is an arete?

A

a long, sharp ridgeline between two tributary glaciers

52
Q

What is a horn in a mountainous region?

A

sharpened peaks

53
Q

What shape of valley do valley glaciers form?

A

U-shape valley

54
Q

What are tributary glaciers?

A

small glaciers that feed into a large glacier

55
Q

What type of valleys do tributary glaciers form?

A

Hanging valleys

56
Q

Which side of a sand dune does erosion occur?

A

windward side

57
Q

Which side of a sand dune does deposition occur?

A

leeward side

58
Q

What is the removal of small particles by wind, leaving heavier particles behind?

A

Deflation

59
Q

What is the remaining surface called after small particles are removed?

A

desert pavement

60
Q

What 3 things do the shape and sizes of landforms do to wind depend on?

A

wind speed, amount of time the wind blows, and sediment supply

61
Q

what are three landforms that are created due to wave erosion ?

A

Coastal Cliffs, Sea Arches, and Sea Stacks

62
Q

What are the two landforms that are created by wave deposition?

A

Sand Bars and Sand Spits

63
Q

What are landforms that are parallel to the shoreline called?

A

Sand Bars

64
Q

What are landforms that are like Sand Bars but curve back toward land in a hook shape called?

A

Sand Splits

65
Q

What can cause mass wasting?

A

Snow, heavy rains, earthquakes, or human activity

66
Q

What are some examples of mass wasting?

A

Rock slides, Mudflows, and Landslides

67
Q

What percentage of water on Earth is salt water?

A

97%

68
Q

What percentage of water on Earth is freshwater?

A

3%

69
Q

Where is the majority of freshwater found?

A

in glaciers

70
Q

Where is the smaller percentage of freshwater found?

A

in lakes, rivers, and stored as ground water

71
Q

What is precipitation?

A

when water vapor in the air cools and condenses and causes rain. snow, sleet, and hail to form

72
Q

What is runoff?

A

when water runs off the land surface

73
Q

What is infiltration?

A

where water enters the Earths surface and can become groundwater below the surface

74
Q

What is transpiration?

A

when plants release water vapor into the atmosphere through their leaves

75
Q

What is evaporation?

A

when water enters the atmosphere as water vapor

76
Q

What is condensation?

A

when water vapor collides with other water molecules to form water droplets

77
Q

What is the water cycle?

A

where water on the land goes into the atmosphere and heats up and turns into water vapor and eventually returns back to land

78
Q

What is an unsaturated zone for groundwater storage?

A

a porous are where water easily passes through

79
Q

What is a saturated zone for groundwater storage?

A

beneath the unsaturated zone, where water completely fills the pore space

80
Q

What is a water table?

A

the upper boundary of the saturated zone

81
Q

What does it mean if sediment is permeable?

A

the more permeable the material is the easier water can go through the ground

82
Q

What is an aquifer ?

A

a rock unit that can transfer water through its pore space

83
Q

What is the name of the Great Plains Aquifer ?

A

Ogallala Aquifer

84
Q

How many states does the Great Plains Aquifer run through?

A

8 states

85
Q

What are the names of the states that the Great Plains Aquifer runs through?

A

South Dakota, Wyoming, Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Texas

86
Q

What is an aquitard?

A

impermeable layer that holds confined water

87
Q

How are water springs formed?

A

where the water table naturally meets Earth’s surface

88
Q

What is an artesian well?

A

wells drilled into pressurized aquifer forming when an aquifer is sandwiched between aquitards

89
Q

What is a cone of depression?

A

the direction that the water flows down towards the well

90
Q

What is the process of assigning an exact numerical age to an organism, an object, or event.

A

Absolute dating

91
Q

What is the process of placing objects or events in their proper order in time?

A

Relative dating

92
Q

What states that the laws of nature operate today as they have in the past?

A

Uniformitarianism

93
Q

What states that in an undisturbed sequence of sedimentary rock layers, the youngest rocks will be at the top and the oldest rocks will be at the bottom?

A

Principle of superposition

94
Q

What are the gaps in the rock record during which either erosion occurred or deposition was absent called?

A

Unconformity

95
Q

What are the remains or traces of organisms found in the geographic rock record called?

A

Fossils

Physical Science (6 decks)

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