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Physical Science > ch.26 > Flashcards

ch.26 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a naturally occurring inorganic solid with a crystalline form?

A

mineral

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2
Q

What is the color of a mineral in powdered form called?

A

streak

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3
Q

What is it called when a mineral breaks along preferred planes of weakness creating sets of smooth parallel sides?

A

cleavage

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4
Q

What do minerals that break with irregular surfaces exhibit?

A

fracture

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5
Q

What is the physical property that measures a mineral’s resistance to scratching ?

A

hardness

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6
Q

What is molten rock material inside earth called?

A

magma

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7
Q

A mineral is ___,____,___

A

naturally occurring, inorganic solid, crystalline form

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8
Q

What are the two most abundant elements that make up Earth’s crust?

A

Oxygen and Silicon

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9
Q

What does inorganic mean?

A

Material that is non-living

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10
Q

What does the arrangement of an atom and the bonds between them reflect about a mineral?

A

the way it breaks, how hard it is, and what types of crystal shape it has

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11
Q

What are all of the ways to identify minerals?

A

Fracture, Luster, Streak, Hardness, Cleavage, Atomic Arrangement, Crystal Shape

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12
Q

What are the two types of luster?

A

Metallic and non-metallic

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13
Q

How does non-metallic luster reflect light?

A

shine like glass or appears earthy or waxy

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14
Q

How does metallic luster reflect light?

A

very easily like a piece of metal

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15
Q

How do you perform a streak test?

A

rubbing a mineral on an unglazed, white or black,porcelain tile.

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16
Q

What are the two types of breakage that can happen to a mineral?

A

Cleavage and Fracture

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17
Q

What is the name of the scale to measure the hardness of a mineral?

A

Mohs Scale

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18
Q

What is the number range on Mohs Scale of Hardness?

A

1-10

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19
Q

How many different crystal shape systems are there ?

A

6

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20
Q

Minerals grow from the ___

A

atoms added to its surfaces, edges, or corners

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21
Q

What are the 3 ways minerals can form?

A

Hot water, molten rock, and evaporation

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22
Q

What are the two minerals groups?

A

Silicate and non-silicate minerals

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23
Q

Which mineral group is the most abundant in Earth’s crust?

A

Silicates

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24
Q

What elements are Silicates made up of?

A

silicon and oxygen

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25
Q

Non-silicates do not contain what element ?

A

silicon-oxygen or silicates

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26
Q

What mineral is used to make glass?

A

Silica

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27
Q

What is a naturally formed mixture containing minerals, rock fragments, and volcanic glass?

A

A Rock

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28
Q

How are rocks identified?

A

by their composition and texture

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29
Q

What does the texture of a rock describe about a rock?

A

size, shape, and arrangement of the rocks components

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30
Q

Where do Intrusive igneous rocks form?

A

underground or on Earth’s surface

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31
Q

What type of molten rock does intrusive igneous rocks form from?

A

molten rock material that cools and crystallizes

32
Q

What is the name of the series that illustrates simultaneous crystallization of silicate minerals?

A

Bowen’s Reaction Series

33
Q

What are the 3 types of magma?

A

Mafic, Intermediate, Felsic

34
Q

Which magma type has a low silica content?

35
Q

Which magma type has a high silica content?

36
Q

Which type of crust has an abundant amount of quartz?

A

Continental Crust

37
Q

Which type of crust has little to no quartz?

A

deep locations in continental crust or with Oceanic crust

38
Q

Which type of igneous rock has a coarse grained texture?

A

Intrusive igneous rocks

39
Q

Which type of igneous rock has a fine grained texture?

A

Extrusive igneous rocks

40
Q

Do fine grained rocks cool slowly or quickly?

41
Q

What are the two specific texture types for extrusive igneous rock?

A

porphyritic and groundmass

42
Q

Which texture is the type with holes left behind because of rapid cooling?

A

Pumice and scoria

43
Q

Which texture is the type with two different crystal sizes because of different cooling rates?

A

porphyritic

44
Q

Which type of rock has a vesicular (holey) texture?

45
Q

What are clasts?

A

small rock and mineral fragments

46
Q

What types of erosion are rocks on Earth’s surface exposed to?

A

water, wind, and other forces

47
Q

What does it mean if clasts are being transported?

A

moving to a new location

48
Q

What does it mean if clasts are being deposited?

A

they are put out

49
Q

What is a pore space?

A

empty space in between the grains

50
Q

What is compaction?

A

the process by which clasts stick together due to the weight of overlying material

51
Q

what is cementation?

A

the process where minerals precipitate slowly out of a water solution and crystallize in spaces between clasts

52
Q

How are sedimentary rocks formed?

A

compaction and cementation working together

53
Q

What is another name for clasts?

54
Q

What are sedimentary rocks called that are mostly made of clasts?

A

detrital sedimentary rocks

55
Q

What is the decreasing size of clasts?

A

gravel, sand,silt, or clay

56
Q

What clast size would be deposited first?

A

gravel because it’s heavier

57
Q

What are four common detrital sedimentary rocks?

A

Gravel, sand, silt, and mud/clay

58
Q

How are chemical sedimentary rocks formed?

A

from water that contains dissolved solids

59
Q

If sedimentary rocks contain remains of living organisms what are they called?

A

Biochemical sedimentary rocks

60
Q

What are two common biochemical sedimentary rocks?

A

Coal and Limestone

61
Q

What are the three types of sedimentary rock?

A

Detrital, Chemical, and Biochemical Sedimentary Rocks

62
Q

Metamorphic rock is changed by a combination of which 3 things?

A

heat, pressure, and chemical reactions

63
Q

Which types of rocks can be changed by metamorphism?

A

Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic

64
Q

What is it called when metamorphic changes in rocks occur over large areas?

A

Regional Metamorphism

65
Q

What is it called when metamorphic changes in rocks occur over small changes?

A

Contact Metamorphism

66
Q

When shale is compressed, which type of metamorphic rock is created?

67
Q

What are two types of metamorphic rock textures?

A

Foliated and Nonfoliated

68
Q

What is a foliated rock texture?

A

crystals that are arranged in layers and bands

69
Q

What is a nonfoliated rock texture?

A

have crystals that are randomly placed

70
Q

Metamorphic rocks are mainly classified based on which two things?

A

texture and composition

71
Q

What is the rock cycle?

A

the continual changes from one rock type to another

72
Q

Which types of rocks are part of the rock cycle?

A

Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic

73
Q

What are the 3 types of rocks?

A

Igneous, Sedimentary, Metamorphic

74
Q

Which type of rocks form from molten rock?

75
Q

Which types of rocks are formed from clasts, precipitation, or compressed once living matter?

A

Sedimentary

76
Q

Which types of rocks are formed from heat, pressure, and chemical reactions?

A

Metamorphic

77
Q

What can form from hot water, evaporation, or molten rock?

Physical Science (6 decks)

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