ch.26 Flashcards
What is a naturally occurring inorganic solid with a crystalline form?
mineral
What is the color of a mineral in powdered form called?
streak
What is it called when a mineral breaks along preferred planes of weakness creating sets of smooth parallel sides?
cleavage
What do minerals that break with irregular surfaces exhibit?
fracture
What is the physical property that measures a mineral’s resistance to scratching ?
hardness
What is molten rock material inside earth called?
magma
A mineral is ___,____,___
naturally occurring, inorganic solid, crystalline form
What are the two most abundant elements that make up Earth’s crust?
Oxygen and Silicon
What does inorganic mean?
Material that is non-living
What does the arrangement of an atom and the bonds between them reflect about a mineral?
the way it breaks, how hard it is, and what types of crystal shape it has
What are all of the ways to identify minerals?
Fracture, Luster, Streak, Hardness, Cleavage, Atomic Arrangement, Crystal Shape
What are the two types of luster?
Metallic and non-metallic
How does non-metallic luster reflect light?
shine like glass or appears earthy or waxy
How does metallic luster reflect light?
very easily like a piece of metal
How do you perform a streak test?
rubbing a mineral on an unglazed, white or black,porcelain tile.
What are the two types of breakage that can happen to a mineral?
Cleavage and Fracture
What is the name of the scale to measure the hardness of a mineral?
Mohs Scale
What is the number range on Mohs Scale of Hardness?
1-10
How many different crystal shape systems are there ?
6
Minerals grow from the ___
atoms added to its surfaces, edges, or corners
What are the 3 ways minerals can form?
Hot water, molten rock, and evaporation
What are the two minerals groups?
Silicate and non-silicate minerals
Which mineral group is the most abundant in Earth’s crust?
Silicates
What elements are Silicates made up of?
silicon and oxygen
Non-silicates do not contain what element ?
silicon-oxygen or silicates
What mineral is used to make glass?
Silica
What is a naturally formed mixture containing minerals, rock fragments, and volcanic glass?
A Rock
How are rocks identified?
by their composition and texture
What does the texture of a rock describe about a rock?
size, shape, and arrangement of the rocks components
Where do Intrusive igneous rocks form?
underground or on Earth’s surface
What type of molten rock does intrusive igneous rocks form from?
molten rock material that cools and crystallizes
What is the name of the series that illustrates simultaneous crystallization of silicate minerals?
Bowen’s Reaction Series
What are the 3 types of magma?
Mafic, Intermediate, Felsic
Which magma type has a low silica content?
Mafic
Which magma type has a high silica content?
Felsic
Which type of crust has an abundant amount of quartz?
Continental Crust
Which type of crust has little to no quartz?
deep locations in continental crust or with Oceanic crust
Which type of igneous rock has a coarse grained texture?
Intrusive igneous rocks
Which type of igneous rock has a fine grained texture?
Extrusive igneous rocks
Do fine grained rocks cool slowly or quickly?
Quickly
What are the two specific texture types for extrusive igneous rock?
porphyritic and groundmass
Which texture is the type with holes left behind because of rapid cooling?
Pumice and scoria
Which texture is the type with two different crystal sizes because of different cooling rates?
porphyritic
Which type of rock has a vesicular (holey) texture?
Pumice
What are clasts?
small rock and mineral fragments
What types of erosion are rocks on Earth’s surface exposed to?
water, wind, and other forces
What does it mean if clasts are being transported?
moving to a new location
What does it mean if clasts are being deposited?
they are put out
What is a pore space?
empty space in between the grains
What is compaction?
the process by which clasts stick together due to the weight of overlying material
what is cementation?
the process where minerals precipitate slowly out of a water solution and crystallize in spaces between clasts
How are sedimentary rocks formed?
compaction and cementation working together
What is another name for clasts?
Detritus
What are sedimentary rocks called that are mostly made of clasts?
detrital sedimentary rocks
What is the decreasing size of clasts?
gravel, sand,silt, or clay
What clast size would be deposited first?
gravel because it’s heavier
What are four common detrital sedimentary rocks?
Gravel, sand, silt, and mud/clay
How are chemical sedimentary rocks formed?
from water that contains dissolved solids
If sedimentary rocks contain remains of living organisms what are they called?
Biochemical sedimentary rocks
What are two common biochemical sedimentary rocks?
Coal and Limestone
What are the three types of sedimentary rock?
Detrital, Chemical, and Biochemical Sedimentary Rocks
Metamorphic rock is changed by a combination of which 3 things?
heat, pressure, and chemical reactions
Which types of rocks can be changed by metamorphism?
Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic
What is it called when metamorphic changes in rocks occur over large areas?
Regional Metamorphism
What is it called when metamorphic changes in rocks occur over small changes?
Contact Metamorphism
When shale is compressed, which type of metamorphic rock is created?
Slate
What are two types of metamorphic rock textures?
Foliated and Nonfoliated
What is a foliated rock texture?
crystals that are arranged in layers and bands
What is a nonfoliated rock texture?
have crystals that are randomly placed
Metamorphic rocks are mainly classified based on which two things?
texture and composition
What is the rock cycle?
the continual changes from one rock type to another
Which types of rocks are part of the rock cycle?
Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic
What are the 3 types of rocks?
Igneous, Sedimentary, Metamorphic
Which type of rocks form from molten rock?
Igneous
Which types of rocks are formed from clasts, precipitation, or compressed once living matter?
Sedimentary
Which types of rocks are formed from heat, pressure, and chemical reactions?
Metamorphic
What can form from hot water, evaporation, or molten rock?
Minerals
