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ch.26 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a naturally occurring inorganic solid with a crystalline form?

A

mineral

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2
Q

What is the color of a mineral in powdered form called?

A

streak

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3
Q

What is it called when a mineral breaks along preferred planes of weakness creating sets of smooth parallel sides?

A

cleavage

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4
Q

What do minerals that break with irregular surfaces exhibit?

A

fracture

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5
Q

What is the physical property that measures a mineral’s resistance to scratching ?

A

hardness

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6
Q

What is molten rock material inside earth called?

A

magma

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7
Q

A mineral is ___,____,___

A

naturally occurring, inorganic solid, crystalline form

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8
Q

What are the two most abundant elements that make up Earth’s crust?

A

Oxygen and Silicon

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9
Q

What does inorganic mean?

A

Material that is non-living

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10
Q

What does the arrangement of an atom and the bonds between them reflect about a mineral?

A

the way it breaks, how hard it is, and what types of crystal shape it has

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11
Q

What are all of the ways to identify minerals?

A

Fracture, Luster, Streak, Hardness, Cleavage, Atomic Arrangement, Crystal Shape

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12
Q

What are the two types of luster?

A

Metallic and non-metallic

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13
Q

How does non-metallic luster reflect light?

A

shine like glass or appears earthy or waxy

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14
Q

How does metallic luster reflect light?

A

very easily like a piece of metal

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15
Q

How do you perform a streak test?

A

rubbing a mineral on an unglazed, white or black,porcelain tile.

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16
Q

What are the two types of breakage that can happen to a mineral?

A

Cleavage and Fracture

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17
Q

What is the name of the scale to measure the hardness of a mineral?

A

Mohs Scale

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18
Q

What is the number range on Mohs Scale of Hardness?

A

1-10

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19
Q

How many different crystal shape systems are there ?

A

6

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20
Q

Minerals grow from the ___

A

atoms added to its surfaces, edges, or corners

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21
Q

What are the 3 ways minerals can form?

A

Hot water, molten rock, and evaporation

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22
Q

What are the two minerals groups?

A

Silicate and non-silicate minerals

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23
Q

Which mineral group is the most abundant in Earth’s crust?

A

Silicates

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24
Q

What elements are Silicates made up of?

A

silicon and oxygen

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25
Non-silicates do not contain what element ?
silicon-oxygen or silicates
26
What mineral is used to make glass?
Silica
27
What is a naturally formed mixture containing minerals, rock fragments, and volcanic glass?
A Rock
28
How are rocks identified?
by their composition and texture
29
What does the texture of a rock describe about a rock?
size, shape, and arrangement of the rocks components
30
Where do Intrusive igneous rocks form?
underground or on Earth's surface
31
What type of molten rock does intrusive igneous rocks form from?
molten rock material that cools and crystallizes
32
What is the name of the series that illustrates simultaneous crystallization of silicate minerals?
Bowen's Reaction Series
33
What are the 3 types of magma?
Mafic, Intermediate, Felsic
34
Which magma type has a low silica content?
Mafic
35
Which magma type has a high silica content?
Felsic
36
Which type of crust has an abundant amount of quartz?
Continental Crust
37
Which type of crust has little to no quartz?
deep locations in continental crust or with Oceanic crust
38
Which type of igneous rock has a coarse grained texture?
Intrusive igneous rocks
39
Which type of igneous rock has a fine grained texture?
Extrusive igneous rocks
40
Do fine grained rocks cool slowly or quickly?
Quickly
41
What are the two specific texture types for extrusive igneous rock?
porphyritic and groundmass
42
Which texture is the type with holes left behind because of rapid cooling?
Pumice and scoria
43
Which texture is the type with two different crystal sizes because of different cooling rates?
porphyritic
44
Which type of rock has a vesicular (holey) texture?
Pumice
45
What are clasts?
small rock and mineral fragments
46
What types of erosion are rocks on Earth's surface exposed to?
water, wind, and other forces
47
What does it mean if clasts are being transported?
moving to a new location
48
What does it mean if clasts are being deposited?
they are put out
49
What is a pore space?
empty space in between the grains
50
What is compaction?
the process by which clasts stick together due to the weight of overlying material
51
what is cementation?
the process where minerals precipitate slowly out of a water solution and crystallize in spaces between clasts
52
How are sedimentary rocks formed?
compaction and cementation working together
53
What is another name for clasts?
Detritus
54
What are sedimentary rocks called that are mostly made of clasts?
detrital sedimentary rocks
55
What is the decreasing size of clasts?
gravel, sand,silt, or clay
56
What clast size would be deposited first?
gravel because it's heavier
57
What are four common detrital sedimentary rocks?
Gravel, sand, silt, and mud/clay
58
How are chemical sedimentary rocks formed?
from water that contains dissolved solids
59
If sedimentary rocks contain remains of living organisms what are they called?
Biochemical sedimentary rocks
60
What are two common biochemical sedimentary rocks?
Coal and Limestone
61
What are the three types of sedimentary rock?
Detrital, Chemical, and Biochemical Sedimentary Rocks
62
Metamorphic rock is changed by a combination of which 3 things?
heat, pressure, and chemical reactions
63
Which types of rocks can be changed by metamorphism?
Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic
64
What is it called when metamorphic changes in rocks occur over large areas?
Regional Metamorphism
65
What is it called when metamorphic changes in rocks occur over small changes?
Contact Metamorphism
66
When shale is compressed, which type of metamorphic rock is created?
Slate
67
What are two types of metamorphic rock textures?
Foliated and Nonfoliated
68
What is a foliated rock texture?
crystals that are arranged in layers and bands
69
What is a nonfoliated rock texture?
have crystals that are randomly placed
70
Metamorphic rocks are mainly classified based on which two things?
texture and composition
71
What is the rock cycle?
the continual changes from one rock type to another
72
Which types of rocks are part of the rock cycle?
Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic
73
What are the 3 types of rocks?
Igneous, Sedimentary, Metamorphic
74
Which type of rocks form from molten rock?
Igneous
75
Which types of rocks are formed from clasts, precipitation, or compressed once living matter?
Sedimentary
76
Which types of rocks are formed from heat, pressure, and chemical reactions?
Metamorphic
77
What can form from hot water, evaporation, or molten rock?
Minerals

Physical Science (6 decks)

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