Ch.27 Flashcards
Reverend Josiah Strong
-Wrote Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis
-inspired missionaries to look overseas to spread the religion
Theodore Roosevelt
- An irresistible vice-presidential boom developed for him
- the cowboy-hero of the Cuban campaign
-Capitalizing on his war-born popularity, he had been elected governor of New York
Henry Cabot Lodge
-congressman and later senator
- interpreted darwinism to mean that the earth belonged to the strong and fit (America)
Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan
-wrote The Influence of Sea Power upon History
- argued that control of the sea was the key to world dominance
- helped stimulate the naval race among the great powers
Big Sister policy
- foreign policy of Secretary of State James G. Blaine, aimed at rallying Latin American nations behind American leadership
-opening Latin American markets to Yankee traders - bore fruit in 1889, when Blaine presided over the First International Conference of American States
James G. Blaine
- two-time secretary of state
- pushed the big-sister policy
-presided over the first pan-american conference
Samoan Islands
The American and German navies nearly came to blows in 1889 over the faraway islands, which were divided by the two nations
Richard Olney
- secretary of state for Cleveland
- waded into the dispute between Britain and Venezuela with a combative note to Britain invoking the Monroe Doctrine
-informed the world’s number one naval power that the United States
Great Rapprochement
After decades of occasionally “twisting the lion’s tail,” American diplomats began to cultivate close, cordial relations with Great Britain at the end of the nineteenth century—a relationship that would intensify further during World War I.
McKinley Tariff
Shepherded through Congress by President William McKinley, this tariff raised duties on Hawaiian sugar and set off renewed efforts to secure the annexation of Hawaii to the United States.
Queen Liliuokalani
a constitutional monarch who insisted that native Hawaiians should control the islands
insurrectos
Cuban insurgents who sought freedom from colonial Spanish rule. Their destructive tactics threatened American economic interests in Cuban plantations and railroads.
general “Butcher” Weyler
-Spanish general
- undertook to crush the Cuban rebellion by herding many civilians into barbed-wire reconcentration camps
-where they could not give assistance to the armed insurrectos - Lacking proper sanitation, these enclosures turned into deadly pestholes
Frederic Remington
-gifted artist
-sent to Cuba to draw sketches, allegedly with the pointed admonition “You furnish the pictures and I’ll furnish the war.”
-depicted Spanish customs officials brutally disrobing and searching an American woman
William Randolph Hearst
- wrote the “Hearst Journal,”
- sent Frederick Remington to Cuba
- wrote “yellow journalism,”
- sensationally publicized a private letter from the Spanish minister in Washington, Dupuy de Lôme
Dupuy de Lôme
Spanish minister in Washington, stolen from the mails, described President McKinley in decidedly unflattering terms, forced him to resign
Maine
-American battleship dispatched to keep a “friendly” watch over Cuba in early 1898.
- mysteriously blew up in Havana harbor on February 15, 1898
- a loss of 260 sailors
- Later evidence confirmed that the explosion was accidental resulting from combustion in one of the ship’s internal coal bunkers
- But many Americans, eager for war, insisted it was the fault of a Spanish submarine mine
Teller Amendment
- A proviso to President William McKinley’s war plans that proclaimed to the world that when the United States had overthrown Spanish misrule, it would give Cuba its freedom
- amendment testified to the ostensibly “anti-imperialist” designs of the initial war plans.
John D. Long
Navy Secretary
Commodore George Dewey
- Head of American Asiatic Squadron at Hong Kong
- Sailing boldly with his six warships at night into the fortified harbor of Manila
- he trained his guns the next morning on the moldy ten-ship Spanish fleet by instructions of Roosevelt
William R. Shafter
Lead the invading force against the Spanish armada, his troops were very unequipped
Rough Riders
- Organized by Theodore Roosevelt
- was a colorful, motley regiment of Cuban war volunteers consisting of western cowboys, ex-convicts, and effete Ivy Leaguers
- Roosevelt emphasized his experience with the regiment in subsequent campaigns for governor of New York and vice president under William McKinley.
Colonel Leonard Wood
commanded the Rough Riders
Guam
Americans had captured this remote pacific island early in the conflict from the astonished Spaniards, who, lacking a cable, had not known that a war was on
Puerto Rico
Spain ceded this island to the US as a payment for war costs, first territory ever annexed to the US without the promise of eventual statehood
Anti-Imperialist League
- A diverse group formed to protest American colonial oversight in the Philippines
- included university presidents, industrialists, clergymen, and labor leaders
- Strongest in the Northeast, the Anti-Imperialist League was the largest lobbying organization on a U.S. foreign-policy issue until end of 19th century
- declined in strength after the United States signed the Treaty of Paris (which approved the annexation of the Philippines), and after hostilities broke out between Filipino nationalists and American forces
Foraker Act
- Sponsored by Senator Joseph B. Foraker, a Republican from Ohio,
- this accorded Puerto Ricans a limited degree of popular government
-the first comprehensive congressional effort to provide for governance of territories acquired after the Spanish–American War, it served as a model for a similar act adopted for the Philippines in 1902.
Insular Cases
Beginning in 1901, a badly divided Supreme Court decreed in these cases that the Constitution did not follow the flag. In other words, Puerto Ricans and Filipinos would not necessarily enjoy all American rights.
William C. Gorgas
the quiet and determined exterminator of yellow fever in Havana, ultimately made the Canal Zone “as safe as a health resort.”
Teller Amendment of 1898
It placed a condition on the United States military’s presence in Cuba. According to the clause, the U.S. could not annex Cuba but only leave “control of the island to its people.” the U.S. would help Cuba gain independence and then withdraw all its troops from the country.
Platt Amendment
Following its military occupation, the United States successfully pressured the Cuban government to write this amendment into its constitution. It limited Cuba’s treaty-making abilities, controlled its debt, and stipulated that the United States could intervene militarily to restore order when it saw fit.
Guantánamo
the Cubans promised to sell or lease needed coaling or naval stations, ultimately two and then only one (Guantánamo), to their powerful “benefactor.”
John Philip Sousa
An exhilarating new martial spirit thrilled America, buoyed along by the newly popular military marching-band music
Elihu Root
Secretary of War, established a general staff for the army and founded the War College in Washington.
Emilio Aguinaldo
was a Filipino revolutionary, statesman, and military leader who is officially recognized as the first and the youngest president of the Philippines
William H. Taft
future president, an able and amiable Ohioan who weighed some 350 pounds, became civil governor of the Philippines in 1901, formed a strong attachment to Fillipinos
John Hay
a quiet but witty poet-novelist-diplomat with a flair for capturing the popular imagination, dispatched to all the great powers a communication soon known as the Open Door note.
Open Door note
A set of diplomatic letters in which Secretary of State John Hay urged the great powers to respect Chinese rights and free and open competition within their spheres of influence. The notes established the “Open Door policy,” which sought to ensure access to the Chinese market for the United States, despite the fact that it did not have a formal sphere of influence in China.
Nine-Power Treaty of 1922
affirmed China’s sovereignty, independence, and territorial integrity and gave all nations the right to do business with it on equal terms
Oregon
battleship, stationed on the Pacific Coast at the outbreak of war in 1898, took weeks to steam all the way around South America to join the U.S. fleet in Cuban waters.
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty
concluded with Britain in 1850, the United States could not secure exclusive control over an isthmian route
Hay-Pauncefote Treaty
A treaty signed between the United States and Great Britain giving Americans a free hand to build a canal in Central America. The treaty nullified the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty of 1850, which prohibited Britain or the United States from acquiring territory in Central America.
Philippe Bunau-Varilla
the Panama canal was represented by this engineer, Working hand in glove with the revolutionists, he helped incite a rebellion on November 3, 1903, became the Panamanian minister, signed the Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty in Washington
George Washington Goethals
Colonel, ultimately brought the Panama canal project to completion in 1914, just as World War I was breaking out.
Roosevelt Corollary
A brazen policy of “preventive intervention” advocated by Theodore Roosevelt in his Annual Message to Congress in 1904. Adding ballast to the Monroe Doctrine, his corollary stipulated that the United States would retain a right to intervene in the domestic affairs of Latin American nations in order to restore military and financial order.
“Bad Neighbor” policy
Gentlemen’s Agreement
-Responding to anti-Japanese tensions on the West Coast, President Theodore Roosevelt and the Empire of Japan negotiated a compromise in 1907
- Japan agreed to issue no new passports for Japanese citizens seeking employment in the United States
-The Americans agreed to admit family members of Japanese
The Great White Fleet
entire battleship fleet on a highly visible voyage around the world, received tumultuous welcomes in Latin America, Hawaii, New Zealand, and Australia
