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AP US History > Ch. 25 > Flashcards

Ch. 25 Flashcards

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1
Q

What ended the reservation system?

A

The Dawes Severalty Act

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2
Q

The Battle Of Little Bighorn

A
  • “Custer’s Last Stand.”

-advantage gained by Native Americans after the battle short

-Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho Indians defeated and killed many soldiers, + Custer.

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3
Q

What was the cause of the Battle of Wounded Knee?

A

the Sioux refused to give up their practice of the “Ghost Dance.”

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4
Q

reservation system

A

-system that allotted land with designated boundaries to Natives tribes in West
-ending with the Dawes Severalty Act
- land was used communally
- government encouraged and violently forced Natives to stay on the reservations always

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5
Q

the Plains Indians

A

-nomadic of the west
-government tried to pacify them by signing treaties with the “chiefs” of various “tribes” at Fort Laramie and at Fort Atkinson

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6
Q

the “Great Sioux Reservation”

A
  • government herded dozens of Plains indians into still-smaller confines in Dakota Territory in present-day Oklahoma
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7
Q

Buffalo Soldiers

A
  • U.S. Army personnel on the western frontier who were African American
  • name given by the Indians because of the resemblance
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8
Q

Sand Creek Massacre

A
  • militia under command of John C. Chivington
  • assaulted a Cheyenne village in Colorado Territory
  • Initially hailed as a military triumph, later found they attacked village unprovoked
  • killing a hundred women and children
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9
Q

the Bozeman Trail

A
  • Lakota Indians moved to block construction of this
  • was being built to the Montana goldfields in violation of the Fort Laramie Treaty
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10
Q

George Armstrong Custer

A

“boy general” of Civil War fame, now demoted to colonel and turned Indian fighter

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11
Q

Geronimo

A
  • Apache tribes Led by Geronimo were most difficult to defeat
  • they were eventually pursued into Mexico by federal troops
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12
Q

William “Buffalo Bill” Cody

A

killed over four thousand animals in eighteen months while employed by the Kansas Pacific

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13
Q

Peace Policy

A
  • President Ulysses Grant’s attempt to end the Plains Indians Wars
  • enlisted Christian missionaries to supervise Indian reservations
    -hoped churches would be more gentle agents of “assimilation,”
  • policy failed and was eventually terminated
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14
Q

Helen Hunt Jackson

A
  • Massachusetts writer of children’s literature
  • pricked the moral sense of Americans
    -published A Century of Dishonor, chronicled the record of government ruthlessness in dealing with the Indians.
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15
Q

Dawes Severalty Act

A
  • act that broke up/ended Indian reservations and distributed land to individual households
  • Leftover land was sold for money to fund U.S. government efforts to “civilize” Native Americans
  • forced them to give up culture, become farmers
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16
Q

Carlisle Indian School

A
  • government funded Carlisle Indian School in PA
  • Native children, separated from their parents and their tribes
    -were taught English and inculcated with white values and customs.
  • “Kill the Indian and save the man”
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17
Q

field matrons

A
  • sent these to the reservations to teach Native American women the sewing and to preach the virtues of chastity + hygiene
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18
Q

the Indian Reorganization Act

A

-the “Indian New Deal”
-partially reversed the individualistic approach
-tried to restore the tribal basis of Indian life

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19
Q

Ghost Dance

A
  • reformers, thought they knew what was good for indians, thought they were revolting
  • moved aggressively to suppress the “Ghost Dance,” a Native American religious movement
20
Q

Battle of Wounded Knee

A
  • battle between U.S. Army and the Sioux
  • Tensions erupted violently over two major issues: the practice of the “Ghost Dance,” U.S. government had outlawed
  • and dispute over whether Sioux reservation land would be broken up because of the Dawes Act
21
Q

“fifty-niners” or “Pikes Peakers”

A

rushed west to find gold in the Rockies
-also Nevada after the Comstock Lode had been uncovered

22
Q

Helldorados

A
  • aka “Boomtowns”
  • miners swilled adulterated liquor in saloons, accompanied by accommodating women
23
Q

ghost towns

A

When “diggings” petered out, the gold-seekers decamped
- leaving “ghost towns”

24
Q

mining industry

A
  • metals were essential to U.S. industrial growth and were also sold into world markets
  • After surface metals were removed, people wanted to extract from under ground
  • leading to the development of heavy mining machinery.
  • led to the consolidation of the mining industry, only big companies could afford to buy machines.
25
Q

Silver Senators

A
  • representing the thinly peopled “acreage states” of the West
  • used their disproportionate influence to promote the interests of the silver miners
26
Q

Long Drive

A

-Texas cowboys drove herds numbering from 1k to 10k
- headed slowly over the unfenced and unpeopled plains

27
Q

cow town

A
  • beasts grazed en route on free government grass until they reached a railroad terminal at “cow town”
  • order was maintained by Marshal James B. (“Wild Bill”) Hickok
28
Q

Marshal James B. (“Wild Bill”) Hickok

A

-a gunman who reputedly killed only in self-defense or in the line of duty.
- was fatally shot in the back while playing poker.

29
Q

Knights of the Saddle

A
  • became part of American folklore. Many of them
  • five thousand were blacks who enjoyed the new-found freedom of the open range
30
Q

The Wyoming Stock-Growers’ Association

A

Breeders organized this, which virtually controlled the state and its legislature

31
Q

beef barons

A
  • consolidated the cattle industry
  • shipping their fresh products to the East Coast in the newly perfected refrigerator cars
32
Q

Homestead Act of 1862

A

-law allowed a settler—provided he had “never borne arms against the government of the United States”—to acquire as much as 160 acres of land for a filing fee of $10.
- living on it for five years, improving it, and paying a nominal fee of $1.25 an acre, a homesteader could take possession
- mostly failed

33
Q

Sodbusters

A
  • prairie sod was broken with heavy iron plows pulled by four yokes of oxen
  • earth proved astonishingly fruitful. “Sodbusters” poured onto the land. - - Lacking trees for lumber and fuel, they built homes from sod
34
Q

100th meridian

A

A geographical, north-south line that bisects the United States from the Dakotas through West
- meridian was where Americans imagined that the “West” began.

35
Q

John Wesley Powell

A
  • explorer of the Colorado River’s Grand Canyon
  • director of the U.S. Geological Survey
  • warned in his book that beyond the 100th meridian so little rain fell that agriculture was impossible without massive irrigation
36
Q

dry farming

A
  • bc of devastating drought, new technique arose on plains
  • frequent shallow cultivation supposedly were adapted to the arid western environment,
  • over time created a finely pulverized surface soil that contributed to “Dust Bowl”
37
Q

Joseph F. Glidden

A

Barbed wire, perfected by Joseph F. Glidden, solved the problem of how to build fences on the treeless prairies.

38
Q

Why is the closing of the frontier dated to 1890?

A

In that year, the census bureau declared that there was no longer a discernible line of advancing pioneer settlement.

39
Q

Where was the real “safety valve” provided by the late nineteenth century?

A

Western cities like Denver and San Francisco

40
Q

Why did the U.S. government set aside lands for national parks?

A

To preserve land in the West

41
Q

the Sooner State

A

Oklahoma

42
Q

sooners

A

Scores of overeager and well-armed “sooners,” illegally jumping the gun, had entered Oklahoma Territory. They had to be evicted repeatedly by federal troops, who on occasion would shoot the intruders’ horses.

43
Q

Frederick Jackson Turner

A
  • Author of “frontier thesis”, argued that the taming of the West had shaped the nation’s character., encouraged Americans’ embrace of individualism/ democracy.
  • ignoring the role of Native Americans in the West, still keystone thought
44
Q

Red Cloud

A

-was one of the most important leaders of the Lakota
- was one of the most capable Native American opponents whom the S army faced in the west

45
Q

Sitting Bull

A
  • One of the leaders of the Sioux tribe.
    -became a prominent Indian leader during the Sioux Was
  • a superior force. During Custer’s Last Stand
    -Sitting Bull and the other Sioux we forced into Canada.
46
Q

Chief Joseph

A
  • chief of the Nez Perce Indians of Idaho
  • People wanting gold trespassed on their beaver river. To avoid war, and save his people he tried retreating to Canada with his people.
  • were cornered 30 miles from safety and surrendered
47
Q

Comstock Lode

A
  • A great amount of gold and silver was discovered in Nevada.
  • The “fifty-niners” rushed to Nevada in their own hopes of getting rich, which caused Nevada to become a state.

AP US History (10 decks)

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