Ch. 24 Flashcards
Describe “New Immigrants”
They were Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, or Jewish, clustered in cities, and
Why did “New immigrants” immigrate to America?
because of rapid population growth in Europe and the persecution they faced in their home countries
Who primarily ran settlement houses?
Middle-class, native-born women
how did organized labor view new immigrants?
They thought American workers deserved protection from foreign laborers who would accept lower wages and were often used as “strike-breakers”
The “Dumbbell” Tenement
usually seven/ eight stories high, with ill-smelling air shafts providing minimal ventilation. Several families were packed of each floor and they shared a toilet in the hall.
Flop Houses
where the half-starved and unemployed might sleep for a few cents
political machines
political organizations that flourished in urban center that captured the immigrant vote by promising them municipal jobs, housing, and rudimentary social services, were criticized as being corrupt
Jane Addams
dedicated her life to lifting up the masses and immigrants, a middle-class woman, established Hull House, the most prominent settlement house
settlement house
Mostly run by middle-class native-born women, settlement houses in immigrant neighborhoods provided housing, food, education, child care, cultural activities, and social connections for immigrants. Many women, both developed lifelong passions for social activism in these
The American Protective Association
pursuing its nativist goals, an anti-foreign associated, the APA urged voting against Roman Catholic candidates for office and sponsored the publication of lustful fantasies about runaway nuns
liberal Protestants
Members of a branch of Protestantism that flourished from 1875 to 1925 and encouraged followers to use the Bible as a moral compass rather than to believe that the Bible represented scientific or historical truth
Which two religious groups gained greatly from the mass immigration of the late nineteenth century?
Catholics and Jews
After 1875, most natural scientists did which of the following?
Came around to espouse organic evolution after having initially opposed it
What did the “normal schools” that grew dramatically in the late nineteenth century specialize in?
Educating teachers
the Chautauqua movement
launched in 1874 on the shores of Lake Chautauqua in New York, sponsored public lectures and home study courses nationwide that reached hundreds of thousands of knowledge-hungry men and women.
Booker T. Washington
Called in 1881 to head the black normal and industrial school at Tuskegee, Alabama, he began with forty students, he taught black students useful trades so that they could gain self-respect and economic security.
accommodationist
Washington’s self-help approach to solving the nation’s racial problems was labeled this because it stopped short of directly challenging white supremacy.
Tuskegee Institute
A normal and industrial school led by Booker T. Washington in Tuskegee, Alabama. It focused on training young black students in agriculture and the trades to help them achieve economic independence
George Washington Carver
joined the Tuskegee Institute in 1896, he became an internationally famous agricultural chemist who provided a much-needed boost to the southern economy by discovering hundreds of new uses for the lowly peanut
Dr. W. E. B. Du Bois,
he earned a Ph.D. at Harvard, the first black man to achieve that goal. helped found the (NAACP) in 1909. Rejecting Washington’s gradualism and separatism, he argued that the “talented tenth” of the black community should be given full and immediate access to the mainstream of American life.
the Morrill Act of 1862
This enlightened law provided generous grants of public lands to the states for support of education.
Land-grant colleges
Colleges and universities created from allocations of public land through the Morrill Act of 1862 and the Hatch Act of 1887.
The Hatch Act of 1887
extending the Morrill Act, provided federal funds for the establishment of agricultural experiment stations in connection with the land-grant colleges
William James
his most famous work, Pragmatism (1907), he pronounced that America’s greatest contribution to the history of philosophy was the concept of pragmatism
pragmatism
A distinctive American philosophy that emerged in the late nineteenth century around the theory that the true value of an idea lay in its ability to solve problems. The pragmatists thus embraced the provisional, uncertain nature of experimental knowledge
how did the daily newspapers in the late nineteenth century change?
the intellectual and ethical standards of American journalism declined, Bare-knuckle editorials were being supplanted by feature articles and noncontroversial syndicated material, scandals sparked the public’s interest
Who was the journalist-reformer who advocated a single tax?
Henry George
Anthony Comstock was best known for his crusade against which of the following
Sexual explicitness and obscenity
Linotype
an invention creating in 1885 that sped up production of newspapers
Sensationalism
capturing the public taste in newspapers, the use of exciting or shocking stories or language at the expense of accuracy, in order to provoke public interest or excitement
Joseph Pulitzer
Hungarian-born and near-blind, was a leader in the techniques of sensationalism through his ownership of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch and New York World.
yellow journalism
A scandal-mongering practice of journalism that emerged out of the circulation battles between Joseph Pulitzer’s New York World and William Randolph Hearst’s New York Journal. The expression has remained a term referring to sensationalist journalism practiced with unethical, unprofessional standards.
William Randolph Hearst
drew on his California father’s mining millions to build a powerful chain of newspapers, beginning with the San Francisco Examiner in 1887.
New York Nation
a highly influential newspaper, which was read largely by professors, preachers, and publicists as “the weekly Day of Judgment.” Launched in 1865 by the Irish-born Edwin L. Godkin, a merciless critic, it crusaded militantly for civil-service reform, honesty in government, and a moderate tariff.
Edwin L. Godkin
started the newspaper “New York Nation”
Henry George
was an original thinker who left an enduring mark. Poor in formal schooling, he was rich in idealism, though that A single 100 percent tax (single tax idea) on windfall profits would eliminate unfair inequalities and restore the United States to its more equitable republican origins.
Progress and Poverty
a treatise wrote by Henry George that was about the association of progress with poverty
Edward Bellamy
quiet Massachusetts Yankee, was another journalist-reformer of remarkable power. In 1888 he published a socialistic novel, Looking Backward, which pushed a utopian socialist vision
Victoria Woodhull
shook the pillars of conventional morality when she publicly proclaimed her belief in free love in 1871, Together with her sister, Tennessee Claflin, she published a far-out periodical, Woodhull and Claflin’s Weekly, charging that Henry Ward Beecher, the most famous preacher of his day, had for years been carrying on an adulterous affair
new morality
women became more independent and tis began to be reflected in soaring divorce rates, the spreading practice of birth control, and increasingly frank discussion of sexual topics.
divorce revolution
From the late nineteenth century dates the beginning of the “divorce revolution” that transformed the United States’ social landscape in the twentieth century
Charlotte Perkins Gilman
freethinking and original-minded Gilman published Women and Economics, a classic of feminist literature, called on women to abandon their dependent status and contribute to the larger life of the community through productive involvement in the economy.
National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)
An organization founded in 1890 to demand the vote for women, argued that women should be allowed to vote because their responsibilities in the home and family made them indispensable in the public decision-making process, supported the war effort and lauded women’s role in the Allied victory, which helped to finally achieve nationwide woman suffrage in the Nineteenth Amendment
Who founded the National American Woman Suffrage Association?
Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Susan B. Anthony
Carrie Chapman Catt
reformer of relentless dedication. under her leadership, the suffragists deemphasized the argument that women deserved the vote as a matter of right because they were in all respects the equals of men. Instead she stressed the desirability of giving women the vote if they were to continue to discharge their traditional duties as homemakers and mothers in the increasingly public world of the city
the Equality State
Wyoming Territory—later called “the Equality State”—granted the first unrestricted suffrage to women in 1869.
The National Prohibition party
organized in 1869, polled a sprinkling of votes in some of the ensuing presidential elections against consumption of alcohol
Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)
Founded in Ohio in the 1870s to combat the evils of excessive alcohol consumption, the WCTU went on to embrace a broad reform agenda, including campaigns to abolish prostitution and gain the right to vote for women.
Anti-Saloon League
was formed in 1893, with its members singing “The Saloon Must Go” and “Vote for Cold Water, Boys.”
What aimed to promote order, harmony, and virtue while beautifying the nation’s new urban spaces?
The City Beautiful movement
Which American author is known for carrying literary realism to new heights
Mark Twain
Which author took a magnifying glass to the inner turmoil and moral shortcomings of post-Civil War high society
Edith Wharton
Karl May
German writer that delighted millions of readers with his extravagantly romanticized tales of characters, formed lasting impressions of American culture on foreigners
General Lew Wallace
he sought to combat the prevailing wave of Darwinian skepticism with his novel Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ, supported what the bible said
Horatio Alger
a Puritan-reared New Englander, wrote more than a hundred volumes of juvenile fiction
Realism
Mid-nineteenth-century movement in European and American literature and the arts that sought to depict contemporary life and society as it actually was, in all its unvarnished detail. Adherents eschewed the idealism and nostalgia of the earlier romantic sensibility.
Henry James
His book The Bostonians (1886) was one of the first novels about the rising feminist movement, was seen as a master of “psychological realism”
Edith Wharton
took a magnifying glass to the inner psychological turmoil and moral shortcomings of post–Civil War high society, a naturalist
naturalism
An offshoot of mainstream realism, this late-nineteenth-century literary movement purported to apply detached scientific objectivity to the study of human characters shaped by degenerate heredity and extreme or sordid social environments.
Stephen Crane
exemplified this naturalistic urge in his writing, exposed the seamy underside of life in urban, industrial America
regionalism
A recurring artistic movement that, in the context of the late nineteenth century, aspired to capture the peculiarities, or “local color,” of America’s various regions in the face of modernization and national standardization.
Thomas Eakins
created a veritable artistic catalogue of his hometown’s social, scientific, and sporting life at the end of the nineteenth century.
Augustus Saint-Gaudens
The most gifted sculptor yet produced by America, The national urge to commemorate the Civil War brought him a number of famous commissions,
phonograph
the reproduction of music by mechanical means
City Beautiful movement
A turn-of-the-century movement among progressive architects and city planners, who aimed to promote order, harmony, and virtue while beautifying the nation’s new urban spaces with grand boulevards, welcoming parks, and monumental public buildings.
Daniel Burnham
redesigned Chicago and Washington, D.C., in the belief they could make them perfect progressive cities, inspiring civic virtue in their inhabitants.
World’s Columbian Exposition
Americans saw this world’s fair, held in Chicago, as their opportunity to claim a place among the world’s most “civilized” societies, by which they meant the countries of western Europe. The fair honored art, architecture, and science, and its promoters built a mini-city in which to host the fair that reflected all the ideals of city planning popular at the time.
Phineas T. Barnum
the master showman who had early discovered that “the public likes to be humbugged,” joined hands with James A. Bailey in 1881 to stage the “Greatest Show on Earth.
