Ch. 24

Question 1

Describe “New Immigrants”

Answer 1

They were Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, or Jewish, clustered in cities, and

Question 2

Why did “New immigrants” immigrate to America?

Answer 2

because of rapid population growth in Europe and the persecution they faced in their home countries

Question 3

Who primarily ran settlement houses?

Answer 3

Middle-class, native-born women

Question 4

how did organized labor view new immigrants?

Answer 4

They thought American workers deserved protection from foreign laborers who would accept lower wages and were often used as “strike-breakers”

Question 5

The “Dumbbell” Tenement

Answer 5

usually seven/ eight stories high, with ill-smelling air shafts providing minimal ventilation. Several families were packed of each floor and they shared a toilet in the hall.

Question 6

Flop Houses

Answer 6

where the half-starved and unemployed might sleep for a few cents

Question 7

political machines

Answer 7

political organizations that flourished in urban center that captured the immigrant vote by promising them municipal jobs, housing, and rudimentary social services, were criticized as being corrupt

Question 8

Jane Addams

Answer 8

dedicated her life to lifting up the masses and immigrants, a middle-class woman, established Hull House, the most prominent settlement house

Question 9

settlement house

Answer 9

Mostly run by middle-class native-born women, settlement houses in immigrant neighborhoods provided housing, food, education, child care, cultural activities, and social connections for immigrants. Many women, both developed lifelong passions for social activism in these

Question 10

The American Protective Association

Answer 10

pursuing its nativist goals, an anti-foreign associated, the APA urged voting against Roman Catholic candidates for office and sponsored the publication of lustful fantasies about runaway nuns

Question 11

liberal Protestants

Answer 11

Members of a branch of Protestantism that flourished from 1875 to 1925 and encouraged followers to use the Bible as a moral compass rather than to believe that the Bible represented scientific or historical truth

Question 12

Which two religious groups gained greatly from the mass immigration of the late nineteenth century?

Answer 12

Catholics and Jews

Question 13

After 1875, most natural scientists did which of the following?

Answer 13

Came around to espouse organic evolution after having initially opposed it

Question 14

What did the “normal schools” that grew dramatically in the late nineteenth century specialize in?

Answer 14

Educating teachers

Question 15

the Chautauqua movement

Answer 15

launched in 1874 on the shores of Lake Chautauqua in New York, sponsored public lectures and home study courses nationwide that reached hundreds of thousands of knowledge-hungry men and women.

Question 16

Booker T. Washington

Answer 16

Called in 1881 to head the black normal and industrial school at Tuskegee, Alabama, he began with forty students, he taught black students useful trades so that they could gain self-respect and economic security.

Question 17

accommodationist

Answer 17

Washington’s self-help approach to solving the nation’s racial problems was labeled this because it stopped short of directly challenging white supremacy.

Question 18

Tuskegee Institute

Answer 18

A normal and industrial school led by Booker T. Washington in Tuskegee, Alabama. It focused on training young black students in agriculture and the trades to help them achieve economic independence

Question 19

George Washington Carver

Answer 19

joined the Tuskegee Institute in 1896, he became an internationally famous agricultural chemist who provided a much-needed boost to the southern economy by discovering hundreds of new uses for the lowly peanut

Question 20

Dr. W. E. B. Du Bois,

Answer 20

he earned a Ph.D. at Harvard, the first black man to achieve that goal. helped found the (NAACP) in 1909. Rejecting Washington’s gradualism and separatism, he argued that the “talented tenth” of the black community should be given full and immediate access to the mainstream of American life.

Question 21

the Morrill Act of 1862

Answer 21

This enlightened law provided generous grants of public lands to the states for support of education.

Question 22

Land-grant colleges

Answer 22

Colleges and universities created from allocations of public land through the Morrill Act of 1862 and the Hatch Act of 1887.

Question 23

The Hatch Act of 1887

Answer 23

extending the Morrill Act, provided federal funds for the establishment of agricultural experiment stations in connection with the land-grant colleges

Question 24

William James

Answer 24

his most famous work, Pragmatism (1907), he pronounced that America’s greatest contribution to the history of philosophy was the concept of pragmatism

Question 25

pragmatism

Answer 25

A distinctive American philosophy that emerged in the late nineteenth century around the theory that the true value of an idea lay in its ability to solve problems. The pragmatists thus embraced the provisional, uncertain nature of experimental knowledge

Question 26

how did the daily newspapers in the late nineteenth century change?

Answer 26

the intellectual and ethical standards of American journalism declined, Bare-knuckle editorials were being supplanted by feature articles and noncontroversial syndicated material, scandals sparked the public’s interest

Question 27

Who was the journalist-reformer who advocated a single tax?

Answer 27

Henry George

Question 28

Anthony Comstock was best known for his crusade against which of the following

Answer 28

Sexual explicitness and obscenity

Question 29

Linotype

Answer 29

an invention creating in 1885 that sped up production of newspapers

Question 30

Sensationalism

Answer 30

capturing the public taste in newspapers, the use of exciting or shocking stories or language at the expense of accuracy, in order to provoke public interest or excitement

Question 31

Joseph Pulitzer

Answer 31

Hungarian-born and near-blind, was a leader in the techniques of sensationalism through his ownership of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch and New York World.

Question 32

yellow journalism

Answer 32

A scandal-mongering practice of journalism that emerged out of the circulation battles between Joseph Pulitzer’s New York World and William Randolph Hearst’s New York Journal. The expression has remained a term referring to sensationalist journalism practiced with unethical, unprofessional standards.

Question 33

William Randolph Hearst

Answer 33

drew on his California father’s mining millions to build a powerful chain of newspapers, beginning with the San Francisco Examiner in 1887.

Question 34

New York Nation

Answer 34

a highly influential newspaper, which was read largely by professors, preachers, and publicists as “the weekly Day of Judgment.” Launched in 1865 by the Irish-born Edwin L. Godkin, a merciless critic, it crusaded militantly for civil-service reform, honesty in government, and a moderate tariff.

Question 35

Edwin L. Godkin

Answer 35

started the newspaper “New York Nation”

Question 36

Henry George

Answer 36

was an original thinker who left an enduring mark. Poor in formal schooling, he was rich in idealism, though that A single 100 percent tax (single tax idea) on windfall profits would eliminate unfair inequalities and restore the United States to its more equitable republican origins.

Question 37

Progress and Poverty

Answer 37

a treatise wrote by Henry George that was about the association of progress with poverty

Question 38

Edward Bellamy

Answer 38

quiet Massachusetts Yankee, was another journalist-reformer of remarkable power. In 1888 he published a socialistic novel, Looking Backward, which pushed a utopian socialist vision

Question 39

Victoria Woodhull

Answer 39

shook the pillars of conventional morality when she publicly proclaimed her belief in free love in 1871, Together with her sister, Tennessee Claflin, she published a far-out periodical, Woodhull and Claflin’s Weekly, charging that Henry Ward Beecher, the most famous preacher of his day, had for years been carrying on an adulterous affair

Question 40

new morality

Answer 40

women became more independent and tis began to be reflected in soaring divorce rates, the spreading practice of birth control, and increasingly frank discussion of sexual topics.

Question 41

divorce revolution

Answer 41

From the late nineteenth century dates the beginning of the “divorce revolution” that transformed the United States’ social landscape in the twentieth century

Question 42

Charlotte Perkins Gilman

Answer 42

freethinking and original-minded Gilman published Women and Economics, a classic of feminist literature, called on women to abandon their dependent status and contribute to the larger life of the community through productive involvement in the economy.

Question 43

National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

Answer 43

An organization founded in 1890 to demand the vote for women, argued that women should be allowed to vote because their responsibilities in the home and family made them indispensable in the public decision-making process, supported the war effort and lauded women’s role in the Allied victory, which helped to finally achieve nationwide woman suffrage in the Nineteenth Amendment

Question 44

Who founded the National American Woman Suffrage Association?

Answer 44

Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Susan B. Anthony

Question 45

Carrie Chapman Catt

Answer 45

reformer of relentless dedication. under her leadership, the suffragists deemphasized the argument that women deserved the vote as a matter of right because they were in all respects the equals of men. Instead she stressed the desirability of giving women the vote if they were to continue to discharge their traditional duties as homemakers and mothers in the increasingly public world of the city

Question 46

the Equality State

Answer 46

Wyoming Territory—later called “the Equality State”—granted the first unrestricted suffrage to women in 1869.

Question 47

The National Prohibition party

Answer 47

organized in 1869, polled a sprinkling of votes in some of the ensuing presidential elections against consumption of alcohol

Question 48

Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

Answer 48

Founded in Ohio in the 1870s to combat the evils of excessive alcohol consumption, the WCTU went on to embrace a broad reform agenda, including campaigns to abolish prostitution and gain the right to vote for women.

Question 49

Anti-Saloon League

Answer 49

was formed in 1893, with its members singing “The Saloon Must Go” and “Vote for Cold Water, Boys.”

Question 50

What aimed to promote order, harmony, and virtue while beautifying the nation’s new urban spaces?

Answer 50

The City Beautiful movement

Question 51

Which American author is known for carrying literary realism to new heights

Answer 51

Mark Twain

Question 52

Which author took a magnifying glass to the inner turmoil and moral shortcomings of post-Civil War high society

Answer 52

Edith Wharton

Question 53

Karl May

Answer 53

German writer that delighted millions of readers with his extravagantly romanticized tales of characters, formed lasting impressions of American culture on foreigners

Question 54

General Lew Wallace

Answer 54

he sought to combat the prevailing wave of Darwinian skepticism with his novel Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ, supported what the bible said

Question 55

Horatio Alger

Answer 55

a Puritan-reared New Englander, wrote more than a hundred volumes of juvenile fiction

Question 56

Realism

Answer 56

Mid-nineteenth-century movement in European and American literature and the arts that sought to depict contemporary life and society as it actually was, in all its unvarnished detail. Adherents eschewed the idealism and nostalgia of the earlier romantic sensibility.

Question 57

Henry James

Answer 57

His book The Bostonians (1886) was one of the first novels about the rising feminist movement, was seen as a master of “psychological realism”

Question 58

Edith Wharton

Answer 58

took a magnifying glass to the inner psychological turmoil and moral shortcomings of post–Civil War high society, a naturalist

Question 59

naturalism

Answer 59

An offshoot of mainstream realism, this late-nineteenth-century literary movement purported to apply detached scientific objectivity to the study of human characters shaped by degenerate heredity and extreme or sordid social environments.

Question 60

Stephen Crane

Answer 60

exemplified this naturalistic urge in his writing, exposed the seamy underside of life in urban, industrial America

Question 61

regionalism

Answer 61

A recurring artistic movement that, in the context of the late nineteenth century, aspired to capture the peculiarities, or “local color,” of America’s various regions in the face of modernization and national standardization.

Question 62

Thomas Eakins

Answer 62

created a veritable artistic catalogue of his hometown’s social, scientific, and sporting life at the end of the nineteenth century.

Question 63

Augustus Saint-Gaudens

Answer 63

The most gifted sculptor yet produced by America, The national urge to commemorate the Civil War brought him a number of famous commissions,

Question 64

phonograph

Answer 64

the reproduction of music by mechanical means

Question 65

City Beautiful movement

Answer 65

A turn-of-the-century movement among progressive architects and city planners, who aimed to promote order, harmony, and virtue while beautifying the nation’s new urban spaces with grand boulevards, welcoming parks, and monumental public buildings.

Question 66

Daniel Burnham

Answer 66

redesigned Chicago and Washington, D.C., in the belief they could make them perfect progressive cities, inspiring civic virtue in their inhabitants.

Question 67

World’s Columbian Exposition

Answer 67

Americans saw this world’s fair, held in Chicago, as their opportunity to claim a place among the world’s most “civilized” societies, by which they meant the countries of western Europe. The fair honored art, architecture, and science, and its promoters built a mini-city in which to host the fair that reflected all the ideals of city planning popular at the time.

Question 68

Phineas T. Barnum

Answer 68

the master showman who had early discovered that “the public likes to be humbugged,” joined hands with James A. Bailey in 1881 to stage the “Greatest Show on Earth.